Sechsäugige Sandspinnen
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| Sechsäugige Sandspinnen | ||||||||||||
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| Datei:Loxosceles reclusa.jpg | ||||||||||||
| Systematik | ||||||||||||
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| Wissenschaftlicher Name | ||||||||||||
| Sicariidae | ||||||||||||
| Keyserling, 1880 |
Die Sechsäugigen Sandspinnen (Sicariidae, Syn.: Loxoscelidae<ref name="GertschEnnik" />) sind eine Familie der Echten Webspinnen und umfassen drei Gattungen mit 163 Arten.<ref name="WSC" /> (Stand: Juli 2018)
Die Familie wurde und wird auch heute noch teilweise als Loxoscelidae bezeichnet.<ref name="GertschEnnik" /> Der deutsche Arachnologe Jörg Wunderlich führte die beiden Gattungen Loxosceles und Sicarius getrennt voneinander als monogenerische Familien.<ref name="Wunderlich" /> Aktuell werden die Loxoscelidae im World Spider Catalog als Synonym der Sicariidae geführt.<ref name="WSC" />
Beschreibung
Alle Arten der Familie haben sechs Augen in zwei Reihen. Die Arten der Gattung Loxosceles sind meist bräunlich gefärbt und weisen eine violinenartige Zeichnung auf dem Prosoma auf, wohingegen die Sicarius-Arten eine gräuliche Körperfarbe aufweisen und die Zeichnung auf dem Prosoma fehlt. Sicarius-Arten sind dafür bekannt, dass sie sich für die Lauerjagd im sandigen Boden selbst eingraben. Einige Sicarius-Arten können sehr alt werden; die Weibchen erreichen, ähnlich wie bei Vogelspinnen (Theraphosidae), nicht selten ein Alter von über 10 bis 15 Jahren. Die Loxosceles-Arten erreichen ein Alter von 1,5 bis 2 Jahren. Bisse vieler Loxosceles-Arten, insbesondere der Chilenischen Winkelspinne (Loxosceles laeta) und der eng verwandten nordamerikanischen Braunen Einsiedlerspinne (Loxosceles reclusa) sind für den Menschen gefährlich. Im Mittelmeerraum ist die Braune Violinspinne (Loxosceles rufescens) heimisch, deren Bisse ebenfalls Gesundheitsschäden verursachen können.
Verbreitung
Sicarius-Arten sind in Südamerika, Süd- und Westafrika sowie auf den Galapagos-Inseln (Sicarius utriformis) verbreitet.<ref name="WSC" /> Ihr Verbreitungsschwerpunkt auf der Südhemisphäre spricht für eine typische Gondwana-Verbreitung.
Die Arten der Gattung Loxosceles sind in ganz Amerika und Afrika verbreitet, nur wenige Arten sind in der Holarktis verbreitet.<ref name="WSC" /> Laut der Arachnologischen Gesellschaft wurde der Kosmopolit Loxosceles rufescens (Braune Violinspinne) in den Niederlanden bislang in Gewächshäusern und ähnlichem gefunden, aber ansonsten noch nicht in Mittel- und Nordeuropa nachgewiesen.
Systematik
Der World Spider Catalog listet für die Sechsäugigen Sandspinnen aktuell drei Gattungen und 163 Arten.<ref name="WSC" /> (Stand: Juli 2017)
- Hexophthalma <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Karsch, 1879
- Hexophthalma albospinosa (<templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Purcell, 1908)
- Hexophthalma binfordae <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Lotz, 2018
- Hexophthalma damarensis (<templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Lawrence, 1928)
- Hexophthalma dolichocephala (<templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Lawrence, 1928)
- Hexophthalma goanikontesensis <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Lotz, 2018
- Hexophthalma hahni (<templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Karsch, 1878)
- Hexophthalma leroyi <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Lotz, 2018
- Hexophthalma spatulata (<templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Pocock, 1900)
- Loxosceles <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Heineken & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Lowe, 1832
- Loxosceles accepta <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Chamberlin, 1920
- Loxosceles adelaida <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1967
- Loxosceles alamosa <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles alicea <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1967
- Loxosceles amazonica <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1967
- Loxosceles anomala (<templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Mello-Leitão, 1917)
- Loxosceles apachea <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles aphrasta <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Wang, 1994
- Loxosceles aranea <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1973
- Loxosceles arizonica <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Mulaik, 1940
- Loxosceles aurea <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1973
- Loxosceles baja <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles barbara <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles belli <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1973
- Loxosceles bentejui <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Planas & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ribera, 2015
- Loxosceles bergeri <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Strand, 1906
- Loxosceles bettyae <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1967
- Loxosceles blancasi <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1967
- Loxosceles blanda <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles boneti <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1958
- Loxosceles candela <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles carabobensis <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />González-Sponga, 2010
- Loxosceles caribbaea <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1958
- Loxosceles carmena <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles cederbergensis <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Lotz, 2017
- Loxosceles chapadensis <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Bertani, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Fukushima & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Nagahama, 2010
- Loxosceles chinateca <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles colima <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1958
- Loxosceles conococha <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1967
- Loxosceles coquimbo <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1967
- Loxosceles corozalensis <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />González-Sponga, 2010
- Loxosceles coyote <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles cubana <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1958
- Loxosceles cubiroensis <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />González-Sponga, 2010
- Loxosceles curimaguensis <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />González-Sponga, 2010
- Loxosceles dejagerae <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Lotz, 2017
- Loxosceles deserta <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1973
- Loxosceles devia <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Mulaik, 1940
- Loxosceles diaguita <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Brescovit, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Taucare-Ríos, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Magalhães & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Santos, 2017
- Loxosceles fontainei <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Millot, 1941
- Loxosceles foutadjalloni <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Millot, 1941
- Loxosceles francisca <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles frizzelli <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1967
- Loxosceles gaucho <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1967
- Loxosceles gloria <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1967
- Loxosceles griffinae <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Lotz, 2017
- Loxosceles guajira <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Cala-Riquelme, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gutiérrez-Estrada & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Flórez, 2015
- Loxosceles guatemala <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1973
- Loxosceles guayota <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Planas & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ribera, 2015
- Loxosceles haddadi <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Lotz, 2017
- Loxosceles harrietae <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1967
- Loxosceles herreri <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1967
- Loxosceles hirsuta <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Mello-Leitão, 1931
- Loxosceles huasteca <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles hupalupa <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Planas & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ribera, 2015
- Loxosceles immodesta (<templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Mello-Leitão, 1917)
- Loxosceles inca <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1967
- Loxosceles insula <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles intermedia <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Mello-Leitão, 1934
- Loxosceles irishi <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Lotz, 2017
- Loxosceles jaca <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles jamaica <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles jarmila <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles julia <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1967
- Loxosceles kaiba <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles lacroixi <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Millot, 1941
- Loxosceles lacta <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Wang, 1994
- Loxosceles laeta (<templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Nicolet, 1849)
- Loxosceles lawrencei <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Caporiacco, 1955
- Loxosceles lutea <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Keyserling, 1877
- Loxosceles luteola <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1973
- Loxosceles mahan <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Planas & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ribera, 2015
- Loxosceles maisi <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Sánchez-Ruiz & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Brescovit, 2013
- Loxosceles makapanensis <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Lotz, 2017
- Loxosceles manuela <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles maraisi <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Lotz, 2017
- Loxosceles martha <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles meruensis <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Tullgren, 1910
- Loxosceles misteca <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1958
- Loxosceles mogote <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Sánchez-Ruiz & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Brescovit, 2013
- Loxosceles mrazig <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ribera & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Planas, 2009
- Loxosceles mulege <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles muriciensis <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Fukushima, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />de Andrade & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Bertani, 2017
- Loxosceles nahuana <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1958
- Loxosceles neuvillei <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Simon, 1909
- Loxosceles niedeguidonae <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />de Andrade, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Bertani, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Nagahama & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Barbosa, 2012
- Loxosceles olivaresi <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />González-Sponga, 2010
- Loxosceles olmea <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1967
- Loxosceles pallalla <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Brescovit, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Taucare-Ríos, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Magalhães & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Santos, 2017
- Loxosceles pallidecolorata (<templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Strand, 1906)
- Loxosceles palma <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles panama <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1958
- Loxosceles parramae <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Newlands, 1981
- Loxosceles persica <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ribera & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Zamani, 2017
- Loxosceles pilosa <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Purcell, 1908
- Loxosceles piura <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1967
- Loxosceles pucara <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1967
- Loxosceles puortoi <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Martins, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Knysak & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Bertani, 2002
- Loxosceles reclusa <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Mulaik, 1940
- Loxosceles rica <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles rosana <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1967
- Loxosceles rothi <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles rufescens (<templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Dufour, 1820)
- Loxosceles rufipes (<templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Lucas, 1834)
- Loxosceles russelli <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles sabina <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles sansebastianensis <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />González-Sponga, 2010
- Loxosceles seri <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles similis <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Moenkhaus, 1898
- Loxosceles simillima <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Lawrence, 1927
- Loxosceles smithi <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Simon, 1897
- Loxosceles sonora <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles spadicea <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Simon, 1907
- Loxosceles speluncarum <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Simon, 1893
- Loxosceles spinulosa <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Purcell, 1904
- Loxosceles surca <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1967
- Loxosceles taeniopalpis <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Simon, 1907
- Loxosceles taino <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles tazarte <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Planas & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ribera, 2015
- Loxosceles tehuana <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1958
- Loxosceles tenango <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1973
- Loxosceles teresa <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles tibicena <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Planas & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ribera, 2015
- Loxosceles tlacolula <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles troglobia <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Souza & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ferreira, 2018
- Loxosceles valdosa <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1973
- Loxosceles vallenar <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Brescovit, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Taucare-Ríos, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Magalhães & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Santos, 2017
- Loxosceles variegata <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Simon, 1897
- Loxosceles virgo <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ennik, 1983
- Loxosceles vonwredei <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Newlands, 1980
- Loxosceles weyrauchi <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1967
- Loxosceles willianilsoni <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Fukushima, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />de Andrade & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Bertani, 2017
- Loxosceles yucatana <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Chamberlin & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Ivie, 1938
- Loxosceles zapoteca <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gertsch, 1958
- Sicarius <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Walkenaer, 1847
- Sicarius andinus <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Magalhães, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Brescovit & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Santos, 2017
- Sicarius boliviensis <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Magalhães, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Brescovit & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Santos, 2017
- Sicarius cariri <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Magalhães, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Brescovit & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Santos, 2013
- Sicarius crustosus (<templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Nicolet, 1849)
- Sicarius diadorim <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Magalhães, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Brescovit & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Santos, 2013
- Sicarius fumosus (<templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Nicolet, 1849)
- Sicarius gracilis (<templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Keyserling, 1880)
- Sicarius jequitinhonha <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Magalhães, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Brescovit & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Santos, 2017
- Sicarius lanuginosus (<templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Nicolet, 1849)
- Sicarius levii <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Magalhães, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Brescovit & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Santos, 2017
- Sicarius mapuche <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Magalhães, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Brescovit & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Santos, 2017
- Sicarius ornatus <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Magalhães, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Brescovit & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Santos, 2013
- Sicarius peruensis (<templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Keyserling, 1880)
- Sicarius rugosus (<templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899)
- Sicarius rupestris (<templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Holmberg, 1881)
- Sicarius saci <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Magalhães, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Brescovit & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Santos, 2017
- Sicarius thomisoides <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Walckenaer, 1847
- Sicarius tropicus (<templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Mello-Leitão, 1936)
- Sicarius utriformis (<templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Butler, 1877)
- Sicarius vallenato <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Cala-Riquelme, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Gutiérrez-Estrada, <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Flórez-Daza & <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Agnarsson, 2017
- Sicarius yurensis <templatestyles src="Person/styles.css" />Strand, 1908
Weblinks
Literatur
- Willis John Gertsch & Franklin Ennik: The spider genus Loxosceles in North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Araneae, Loxoscelidae). In: Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History. 175, 1983, S. 264–360.
Einzelnachweise
<references> <ref name="WSC"> Naturhistorisches Museum der Burgergemeinde Bern: World Spider Catalog Version 19.5 – Sicariidae. Abgerufen am 21. Juli 2017. </ref> <ref name="GertschEnnik"> Willis J. Gertsch & Franklin Ennik: The spider genus Loxosceles in North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Araneae, Loxoscelidae). Bulletin of the American Museum Of Natural History, 175, 1983, S. 264–360. </ref> <ref name="Wunderlich"> Jörg Wunderlich: Fossil spiders (Araneae) of the superfamily Dysderoidea in Baltic and Dominican amber, with revised family diagnoses. In: Beitr. Araneol. 3, 2004, S. 633–746. </ref> </references>