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San Nicolas (Insel)

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{{#if: San Nicolas Island | San Nicolas Island | {{#invoke:WLink|getArticleBase}} }}

{{#if: San Nicolas Island Aerial Navy.jpg

Datei:San Nicolas Island Aerial Navy.jpg
Luftaufnahme von San Nicolas

}}{{#if: Pazifischer Ozean |

Gewässer Pazifischer Ozean|Pazifischer Ozean}} {{#if:260527 colspan="2" | Pflichtparameter GEWAESSER fehlt }}

}}{{#if: Kanalinseln |

Inselgruppe Kanalinseln

}}

1|1}}|{{#switch:{{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|1}}|level}} 1|2={{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|1}}|{{#switch:top 1|1}}|level}} adm2nd=2 adm1st=1 country=0 #default=top 
 }}
}}
#default={{#switch: top continent = level = maxlevel = acronym = top = ?? upper = admtype = admtypelink = admname = lemma = 0 = 1 = 2 = map = Erde flag = Flag of None.svg

}} }}}}

LI|CH|GB={{#switch:{{#if:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|2}}|{{#switch:{{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|2}}|level}} 1|2={{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|2}}|{{#switch:top 1|2}}|level}} adm2nd=2 adm1st=1 country=0 #default=top 
 }}
}}
#default={{#switch: top continent = level = maxlevel = acronym = top = ?? upper = admtype = admtypelink = admname = lemma = 0 = 1 = 2 = map = Erde flag = Flag of None.svg

}} }}}}

LI|CH|GB={{#switch:{{#if:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|3}}|{{#switch:{{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|3}}|level}} 1|2={{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|3}}|{{#switch:top 1|3}}|level}} adm2nd=2 adm1st=1 country=0 #default=top 
 }}
}}
#default={{#switch: top continent = level = maxlevel = acronym = top = ?? upper = admtype = admtypelink = admname = lemma = 0 = 1 = 2 = map = Erde flag = Flag of None.svg

}} }}}}

CH|GB={{#switch:{{#if:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|4}}|{{#switch:{{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|4}}|level}} 1|2={{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|4}}|{{#switch:top 1|4}}|level}} adm2nd=2 adm1st=1 country=0 #default=top 
 }}
}}
#default={{#switch: top continent = level = maxlevel = acronym = top = ?? upper = admtype = admtypelink = admname = lemma = 0 = 1 = 2 = map = Erde flag = Flag of None.svg

}} }}}}||LI|CH|GB=|#default=DMS/}}

#default=DMS/}} #default=DMS/}} #default=DMS/}}{{#switch:CH 1|1}}|{{#switch:{{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|1}}|level}} 1|2={{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|1}}|{{#switch:top 1|1}}|level}} adm2nd=2 adm1st=1 country=0 #default=top 
 }}
}}
#default={{#switch: top continent = level = maxlevel = acronym = top = ?? upper = admtype = admtypelink = admname = lemma = 0 = 1 = 2 = map = Erde flag = Flag of None.svg

}} }}}}

1|2}}|{{#switch:{{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|2}}|level}} 1|2={{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|2}}|{{#switch:top 1|2}}|level}} adm2nd=2 adm1st=1 country=0 #default=top 
 }}
}}
#default={{#switch: top continent = level = maxlevel = acronym = top = ?? upper = admtype = admtypelink = admname = lemma = 0 = 1 = 2 = map = Erde flag = Flag of None.svg

}} }}}}

1|3}}|{{#switch:{{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|3}}|level}} 1|2={{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|3}}|{{#switch:top 1|3}}|level}} adm2nd=2 adm1st=1 country=0 #default=top 
 }}
}}
#default={{#switch: top continent = level = maxlevel = acronym = top = ?? upper = admtype = admtypelink = admname = lemma = 0 = 1 = 2 = map = Erde flag = Flag of None.svg

}} }}}}

1|4}}|{{#switch:{{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|4}}|level}} 1|2={{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|4}}|{{#switch:top 1|4}}|level}} adm2nd=2 adm1st=1 country=0 #default=top 
 }}
}}
#default={{#switch: top continent = level = maxlevel = acronym = top = ?? upper = admtype = admtypelink = admname = lemma = 0 = 1 = 2 = map = Erde flag = Flag of None.svg

}} }}}}=CH1903/CH1903

#default={{#switch:LI 1|1}}|{{#switch:{{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|1}}|level}} 1|2={{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|1}}|{{#switch:top 1|1}}|level}} adm2nd=2 adm1st=1 country=0 #default=top 
 }}
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#default={{#switch: top continent = level = maxlevel = acronym = top = ?? upper = admtype = admtypelink = admname = lemma = 0 = 1 = 2 = map = Erde flag = Flag of None.svg

}} }}}}

1|2}}|{{#switch:{{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|2}}|level}} 1|2={{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|2}}|{{#switch:top 1|2}}|level}} adm2nd=2 adm1st=1 country=0 #default=top 
 }}
}}
#default={{#switch: top continent = level = maxlevel = acronym = top = ?? upper = admtype = admtypelink = admname = lemma = 0 = 1 = 2 = map = Erde flag = Flag of None.svg

}} }}}}

1|3}}|{{#switch:{{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|3}}|level}} 1|2={{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|3}}|{{#switch:top 1|3}}|level}} adm2nd=2 adm1st=1 country=0 #default=top 
 }}
}}
#default={{#switch: top continent = level = maxlevel = acronym = top = ?? upper = admtype = admtypelink = admname = lemma = 0 = 1 = 2 = map = Erde flag = Flag of None.svg

}} }}}}

1|4}}|{{#switch:{{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|4}}|level}} 1|2={{Info ISO-3166-2:{{#titleparts:US-CA|1|4}}|{{#switch:top 1|4}}|level}} adm2nd=2 adm1st=1 country=0 #default=top 
 }}
}}
#default={{#switch: top continent = level = maxlevel = acronym = top = ?? upper = admtype = admtypelink = admname = lemma = 0 = 1 = 2 = map = Erde flag = Flag of None.svg

}} }}}}=CH1903/CH1903

#default=DMS/DMS

}}}}

DMS/CH1903/CH1903={{#if:Geographische Lage|Geographische Lage|Koordinaten}}, (CH) CH1903/CH1903={{#if:Geographische Lage|Geographische Lage|Koordinaten}} OSGB36/OSGB36=Ordnance Survey GB UTM=UTM-Koordinaten #default={{#if:Geographische Lage|Geographische Lage|Koordinaten}}

}}

y|Simple|Complex}}|NS=33/14/43/N|EW=119/30/32/W|type=isle|region=US-CA|globe=|dim={{#iferror:{{#if:14.75.5358.93|{{#expr: trunc ({{#invoke:Expr|TemplateMax}}*1000)}}}}|}}|elevation=276|pop={{#switch:300|unbewohnt|(unbewohnt)=0|#default=300}}|lw=|name={{#invoke:Coordinates/kml|kmlTitle|1={{#if:|San Nicolas Island|{{#if: San Nicolas Island|San Nicolas Island|{{#invoke:WLink|getArticleBase}}}}}}}}|article={{#if: text={{#if:33/14/43/N|/}}|sortkey=|tooltip=|tooltipformat=|map=|mapsize=|maplevel=|maptype=|maplabel=|maplayer=|mapcaption=}}{{#if:|{{#switch:5 1 = Gradzahl-Fehler: {{#iferror:{{{1}}} NS: {{{1}}} 
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[[Datei:|300px|center|alt=|Lage von {{#if: San Nicolas Island | San Nicolas Island | {{#invoke:WLink|getArticleBase}} }}]] {{#if: 33/14/43/N {{#switch: USA Kalifornien keine|-= #default= 
         {{Positionskarte {{#if: USA Kalifornien||ISO 3166-2 }}
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{{{POSKARTELABEL}}}|{{#invoke:WLink|getArticleBase}} }} position=none lat=33/14/43/N long=119/30/32/W type=isle pop=300 elevation=276 region=US-CA {{#expr: trunc ({{#invoke:Expr|TemplateMax}}*1000)}}}}|}} San Nicolas Island|{{#if: San Nicolas Island|San Nicolas Island|{{#invoke:WLink|getArticleBase}}}}}} width=300 float=center border=none caption= {{{POSMARK}}}|Red_pog.svg}} {{{POSMARKSIZE}}}|8}} maptype = relief 
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}}{{#if: 14.7 |

Länge Masz}}

}}{{#if: 5.53 |

Breite Masz}}

}}{{#if: 58.93

Fläche Masz}} {{#if: {{#iferror:{{#ifexpr:{{#switch: R+ = abs R- = -abs Z = trunc Z+ N = abs trunc round ({{{3}}}) }} | 1 }} }} }}

}}{{#if: 276

Höchste Erhebung Jackson Hill
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            {{#ifexpr: (276>=0)
Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt m ü. {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|Ostsee|Ostsee}} Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt m unter {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|Ostsee|Ostsee}} 
            }}
LI CH = Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|m ü. M.|m ü. M.}} LI-M CH-M = Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|m|m}} DE = 
            {{#ifexpr: (276>=0)
Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|m|m}} Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|m unter dem Meeresspiegel|m unter dem Meeresspiegel}} 
            }}
DE-NN = 
            {{#ifexpr: (276>=0)
Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt m ü. {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|NN|NN}} Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt m unter {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|NN|NN}} 
            }}
DE-HN = 
            {{#ifexpr: (276>=0)
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DE-NHN = 
            {{#ifexpr: (276>=0)
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            }}
DE-NHN-2016 = 
            {{#ifexpr: (276>=0)
Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt m ü. {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|NHN|NHN}} Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt m unter {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|NHN|NHN}} 
            }}
AL = Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|m ü. A.|m ü. A.}} SK = Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|m n.m.|m n.m.}} CZ = Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|m n.m.|m n.m.}} HU = Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|m|m}}


DK = Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|m.o.h.|m.o.h.}} IE = Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|m ASL|m ASL}} FX = Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|m|m}} SM|VA = Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|m s.l.m.|m s.l.m.}} BA HR ME MK RS SI 
             = Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|m. i. J.|m. i. J.}}
JP = Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|m T.P.|m T.P.}} NL = Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|m NAP|m NAP}} NO = 
            {{#ifexpr: (276>=0)
Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|moh.|moh.}} Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|muh.|muh.}} 
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PL = Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|m n.p.m.|m n.p.m.}} SE = Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|m ö.h.|m ö.h.}} ES = Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|msnm|msnm}} BE = Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|m O.P.|m O.P.}} AF AX DZ AS AD AO AI AQ AG AR AM AW AU AZ BS BH BD BB BY BZ BJ BM BT BO BW BV BR IO BN BG BF BI KH CM CA CV KY CF TD CL CN CX CC CO KM CG CD CK CR CI CU CY DK DJ DM DO EC EG SV GQ ER EE ET FK FO FJ FI GF PF TF GA GM GE GH GI GR GL GD GP GU GT GG GN GW GY HT HM HN HK IS IN ID IR IQ IM IL JM JE JO KZ KE KI KP KR KW KG LA LV LB LS LR LY LT LU MO MG MW MY MV ML MT MH MQ MR MU YT MX FM MD MC MN MS MA MZ MM NA NR NP AN NC NZ NI NE NG NU NF MP OM PK PW PS PA PG PY PE PH PN PT PR QA RE RO RU RW SH KN LC PM VC WS ST SA SN SC SL SG SB SO ZA GS LK SD SS SR SJ SZ SY TW TJ TZ TH TL TG TK TO TT TN TR TM TC TV UG UA AE US UM UY UZ VU VE VN VG VI WF EH YE ZM ZW 
       =
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            }}
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VENUS| ERDE| MARS| JUPITER| SATURN| URANUS| NEPTUN = 
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            }}
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#default = Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt Vorlage:Höhe/unbekannter Bezug 
   }}
{{#ifexpr: (276>=0) Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|m|m}} Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt {{#if:{{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}}|m unter dem Meeresspiegel|m unter dem Meeresspiegel}} 
     }}
   }}
Höhenwert fehlt, siehe VorlagenbeschreibungVorlage:Höhe/Fehler in Parameterliste

}}

}}{{#if: 300 |

Einwohner 0|unbewohnt{{#ifeq: | |}} |≥ Vorlage:FormatNumDef (Militär) {{#if: |({{#iferror:{{#invoke:Vorlage:FormatDate|Execute}}|}}{{#if: |}}) }} {{#if: {{#iferror:{{#ifexpr:{{#switch: R+ = abs R- = -abs Z = trunc Z+ N = abs trunc round ({{{3}}}) }} | 1 }} }}| {{#if: {{#iferror:{{#ifexpr:{{#switch: R+ = abs R- = -abs Z = trunc Z+ N = abs trunc round ({{{3}}}) }} | 1 }} }}|
{{#ifexpr:58.93>300| <1 | {{#iferror: {{#expr: 1*{{#expr:300/58.93}}}} |{{#expr:300/58.93}}p 		{{#ifexpr: {{#expr:300/58.93}}>=10 {{#expr: {{#expr:300/58,93}} round 0}}|Vorlage:Str replace}} {{#ifexpr: {{#expr:300/58.93}}>=0.1 {{#expr: {{#expr:300/58,93}} round 1}} {{#expr: {{#expr:300/58,93}} round 2}} {{#expr: {{#expr:300/58,93}} round 3}} {{#expr: {{#expr:300/58,93}} round 4}} <0,0001 | 0 }} 
   }}}}}}
}}

}} }}}} Einw./km² | }} }} }} }}{{#if: „Nick Town“ |

Hauptort „Nick Town“

}}{{#if: San Nicholas Island California military facilities.png |

Datei:San Nicholas Island California military facilities.png
Karte von San Nicolas mit Lage der Navy-Einrichtungen
Karte von San Nicolas mit Lage der Navy-Einrichtungen

}}{{#if: |

}}

{{#if: San Nicolas Island Aerial Navy.jpg||{{#if: ||}} }}{{#if: 58.93||{{#if: ||}} }}{{#if: 276||{{#if: ||}} }}{{#if: 33/14/43/N|{{#if: US-CA||

}} {{#switch: USA Kalifornien|none|keine|-=

}} }}{{#if: || {{#if: Pazifischer Ozean||}}

}} San Nicolas (engl. San Nicolas Island) ist eine der südlichen Gruppe der kalifornischen Kanalinseln zugehörige Insel im Pazifischen Ozean. Administrativ gehört die Insel zum Ventura County, verwaltet wird sie jedoch von der United States Navy.

Geographie

San Nicolas weist eine Länge von knapp 15 km, eine Breite von bis zu 5,53 km sowie eine Fläche von 58,93 km²<ref name="Census.gov">{{#switch: 

   |0|=Vorlage:Toter Link/Core{{#if: http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-show_geoid=Y&-tree_id=4001&-_caller=geoselect&-context=dt&-errMsg=&-all_geo_types=N&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_P001&-redoLog=false&-transpose=N&-search_map_config=%7Cb%3D50%7Cl%3Den%7Ct%3D4001%7Czf%3D0.0%7Cms%3Dsel_00dec%7Cdw%3D0.12136367503897609%7Cdh%3D0.07581531832683142%7Cdt%3Dgov.census.aff.domain.map.EnglishMapExtent%7Cif%3Dgif%7Ccx%3D-119.39570882338684%7Ccy%3D34.005713566102685%7Czl%3D4%7Cpz%3D4%7Cbo%3D318%3A317%3A316%3A314%3A313%3A323%3A319%7Cbl%3D362%3A393%3A358%3A357%3A356%3A355%3A354%7Cft%3D350%3A349%3A335%3A389%3A388%3A332%3A331%7Cfl%3D381%3A403%3A204%3A380%3A369%3A379%3A368%7Cg%3D01000US&-PANEL_ID=p_dt_geo_map&-_lang=en&-geo_id=15000US061110036049&-CONTEXT=dt&-format=&-search_results=01000US&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U
       | {{#if: United States Census Bureau, San Nicolas Island Block 9, Census Tract 36.04, Ventura County, California | United States Census Bureau, San Nicolas Island Block 9, Census Tract 36.04, Ventura County, California }} (Seite {{#switch:|no|0|=|dauerhaft }}nicht mehr abrufbar{{#if: 2023-01 | , festgestellt im {{#invoke:DateTime|format|2023-01|F Y}} }}. Suche im Internet Archive (T)){{#if: 2023-01-05 23:26:15 InternetArchiveBot
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         }}
       |   (Seite {{#switch:|no|0|=|#default=dauerhaft }}nicht mehr abrufbar{{#if: 2023-01 | , festgestellt im {{#invoke:DateTime|format|2023-01|F Y}} }}.)
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}}}}{{#invoke:TemplatePar|check |all= url= titel= |opt= autor= hrsg= format= sprache= titelerg= werk= seiten= datum= abruf= zugriff= abruf-verborgen= archiv-url= archiv-datum= archiv-bot= kommentar= zitat= AT= CH= offline= |cat= {{#ifeq: 0 | 0 | Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Internetquelle}} |template= Vorlage:Internetquelle |format=0 |preview=1 }}{{#if: {{#if:1662270 | 1662270 | ? }} 

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  }}</ref> über dem Meer erreicht.

Geschichte

Der mexikanische Forscher Sebastián Vizcaíno entdeckte die Insel am 6. Dezember 1602 und gab ihr den Namen La Isla de San Nicolas. Auf der Insel lebte der ursprünglich rund 300 Mitglieder umfassende Indianerstamm der Nicoleños. Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts richteten Pelzjäger aus Alaska ein Massaker unter dem Stamm an. Die letzten sieben Überlebenden wurden 1835 auf das Festland umgesiedelt, wo jedoch alle in den kommenden Jahren Infektionskrankheiten zum Opfer fielen. Lediglich eine Frau, die später als die Verschollene von San Nicolas bezeichnet wurde, lebte noch 18 Jahre bis 1853 auf der Insel.<ref>Joe Robinson: Marooned, Los Angeles Times, 15. Juni 2004, abgerufen am 7. Oktober 2021</ref>

Von San Nicolas wurden angeblich zwischen 1957 und 2019 zahlreiche Forschungsraketen des US-Militärs gestartet.<ref>Vorlage:Astronautix</ref><ref>USA testen neue Mittelstreckenrakete zsz.ch, abgerufen am 20. August 2019</ref> Bereits kurz nach Aufkündigung des Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles wurde am 18. August 2019 ein Mittelstreckenraketentest durchgeführt.<ref>https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2019/08/19/pentagon-tests-previously-banned-modified-tomahawk-missile-off-california-coast</ref>

Die Insel wurde auch durch Scott O’Dells Bücher „Insel der blauen Delphine“ und „Das verlassene Boot am Strand“ bekannt. In ihnen wird, basierend auf der Geschichte der Juana Maria, die Geschichte eines Indianermädchens erzählt, das allein auf der Insel zurückgelassen wird und das sich, ähnlich Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe, sämtlichen Gefahren der dortigen Wildnis stellen musste.

Weblinks

[{{canonicalurl:Commons:Category:{{#if:San Nicolas Island|San Nicolas Island|San Nicolas (Insel)}}|uselang=de}} Commons: {{#if:San Nicolas|San Nicolas|{{#if:San Nicolas Island|San Nicolas Island|{{#invoke:WLink|getArticleBase}}}}}}]{{#switch:1

|X|x= |0|-= |S|s= – Sammlung von Bildern |1|= – Sammlung von Bildern{{#if: 

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        |1/=  und Videos
        |1/1=, Videos und Audiodateien
        |/1=  und Audiodateien}}
    | , Videos und Audiodateien
  }}

|#default= – }}{{#if: San Nicolas Island 

   | {{#ifeq: {{#invoke:Str|left|san nicolas island|9}} 
       | category:
| FEHLER: Ohne Category: angeben!}}}}

Vorlage:Wikidata-Registrierung

Einzelnachweise

<references />

{{safesubst:#ifeq:0|10| {{#switch: San Nicolas (Insel) |Navigationsleiste|NaviBlock|0=|#default= Vorlage:Templatetransclusioncheck Vorlage:Dokumentation/ruler }}}}Vorlage:Klappleiste/Anfang {{#if:

|

Nördliche Gruppe: Anacapa | San Miguel | Santa Cruz | Santa Rosa

Südliche Gruppe: San Clemente | San Nicolas | Santa Barbara | Santa Catalina 

 |

Nördliche Gruppe: Anacapa | San Miguel | Santa Cruz | Santa Rosa

Südliche Gruppe: San Clemente | San Nicolas | Santa Barbara | Santa Catalina }} Vorlage:Klappleiste/Ende

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