Pirro Nord

Die archäologische Fundstätte Pirro Nord, auch bekannt als Cava Pirro oder Cava Dell’Erba, barg die möglicherweise ältesten menschlichen Werkzeuge in Europa, in jedem Falle die ältesten Italiens. Sie liegt in der Region Apulien, genauer in einem Steinbruch bei Apricena in der Provinz Foggia.

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|{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}})<-90|-90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}})}} }} }} }} }} |in Positionskarte.}} }}{{#if: | | }} |7={{#if:{{#if:{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|4}}{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|3}}{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|2}} |{{#switch:{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|4}} ||N|S={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}}|expr=1|set=N}}|1}}|111 |{{#ifexpr: (0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|2}})>=60 or (0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|3}})>=60 | |{{#ifeq:S|{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|4}}|- }}{{#ifexpr:( (0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}}) )>90 |90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}}) }} }} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}} |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:41.76 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|{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}})>90|90 |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}})<-90|-90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}})}} }} }} }} }} |{{#if: | | }} |{{#if: | |9 }} }} |#default={{#if: | | }} }}|}}{{#if:IT-FG||{{#switch:||earth={{#switch:6 |1={{#if: | | }} |2={{#if: | | }} |3={{#if: | | }} |5={{#if: | | }} |6={{#if:{{#if:|{{{name}}}|{{#if:Pirro Nord|Pirro Nord|Pirro Nord}}}} ||}}{{#if: | | }} |7={{#if:{{#if:|{{{name}}}|{{#if:Pirro Nord|Pirro Nord|Pirro Nord}}}} |{{#if: | | }} |{{#if: | |7 }} }} |8={{#if: | | }} |9={{#if:{{#if:|{{{name}}}|{{#if:Pirro Nord|Pirro Nord|Pirro Nord}}}} |{{#if: | | }} |{{#if: | |9 }} }} |#default={{#if: | | }} }}}} }}{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#ifexpr:{{#switch:N | R+ = abs | R- = -abs | Z = trunc | Z+ | N = abs trunc | Z- = -abs trunc}}(0) = (0) {{#if: | round ({{{3}}}) }} | 1 }} }}||{{#switch:9 |1={{#if: | | }} |2={{#if: | | }} |3={{#if: | | }} |5={{#if: | | }} |6={{#if:||}}{{#if: | | }} |7={{#if: |{{#if: | | }} |{{#if: | |7 }} }} |8={{#if: | | }} |9={{#if: |{{#if: | | }} |{{#if: | |9 }} }} |#default={{#if: | | }} }} }}{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#ifexpr:{{#switch:R | R+ = abs | R- = -abs | Z = trunc | Z+ | N = abs trunc | Z- = -abs trunc}}(0) = (0) {{#if:2 | round (2) }} | 1 }} }}||{{#switch:7 |1={{#if: | | }} |2={{#if: | | }} |3={{#if: | | }} |5={{#if: | | }} |6={{#if:||}}{{#if: | | }} |7={{#if: |{{#if: | | }} |{{#if: | |7 }} }} |8={{#if: | | }} |9={{#if: |{{#if: | | }} |{{#if: | |9 }} }} |#default={{#if: | | }} }} }}{{#if:{{#iferror:{{#if:{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|4}}{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|3}}{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|2}} |{{#switch:{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|4}} ||N|S={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}}|expr=1|set=N}}|1}}|111 |{{#ifexpr: (0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|2}})>=60 or (0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|3}})>=60 | |{{#ifeq:S|{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|4}}|- }}{{#ifexpr:( (0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}}) )>90 |90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}}) }} }} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}} |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}})>90|90 |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}})<-90|-90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}})}} }} }} }} }}|}}{{#iferror:{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|4}}{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|3}}{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|2}} |{{#switch:{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|4}} ||O|E|W={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#iferror:{{#ifexpr:{{#switch:N | R+ = abs | R- = -abs | Z = trunc | Z+ | N = abs trunc | Z- = -abs trunc}}(0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1}}) = (0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1}}) {{#if: | round ({{{3}}}) }} | 1 }} }}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}|111 |{{#ifexpr: (0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|2}})>=60 or (0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|3}})>=60 | |{{#expr: (({{#ifeq:{{#TITLEPARTS:15.43 |1|4}}|W|-}} ((0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1}}) ) -180 ) -((({{#ifeq:{{#TITLEPARTS:15.43 |1|4}}|W|-}} ((0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1}}) ) -180 )/360 -.5 )round 0 )*360 -180 )}} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.43 |1}} |{{#expr: (((0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1}}) -180) -((((0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1}}) -180)/360 -.5 )round 0 )*360 -180 )}} }}}}|}} | | {{#if:Pirro Nord|Pirro Nord ohne|keine}} Koordinaten }} }} | class=noviewer notpageimage| | }}{{#if:330|330px|frameless|upright=1}}|center|{{#if: | {{{label}}} | Pirro Nord }} ({{#switch:name | name = Italien | top = 47.4 | bottom = 35.3 | left = 6.2 | right = 19.0 |image={{#switch: |relief=Reliefkarte Italien.png 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+(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}}) }} }} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}} |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}})>90|90 |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}})<-90|-90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}})}} }} }} }} }}{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|4}}{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|3}}{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|2}} |{{#switch:{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|4}} ||O|E|W={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#iferror:{{#ifexpr:{{#switch:N | R+ = abs | R- = -abs | Z = trunc | Z+ | N = abs trunc | Z- = -abs trunc}}(0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1}}) = (0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1}}) {{#if: | round ({{{3}}}) }} | 1 }} }}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}|111 |{{#ifexpr: (0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|2}})>=60 or (0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|3}})>=60 | |{{#expr: (({{#ifeq:{{#TITLEPARTS:15.43 |1|4}}|W|-}} ((0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|3}})/3600 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|{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}}) }} }} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}} |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}})>90|90 |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}})<-90|-90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:41.76 |1}})}} }} }} }} }} |}} {{#iferror:{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|4}}{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|3}}{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|2}} |{{#switch:{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|4}} ||O|E|W={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#iferror:{{#ifexpr:{{#switch:N | R+ = abs | R- = -abs | Z = trunc | Z+ | N = abs trunc | Z- = -abs trunc}}(0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1}}) = (0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1}}) {{#if: | round ({{{3}}}) }} | 1 }} }}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}|111 |{{#ifexpr: (0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|2}})>=60 or (0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|3}})>=60 | |{{#expr: (({{#ifeq:{{#TITLEPARTS:15.43 |1|4}}|W|-}} ((0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1}}) ) -180 ) -((({{#ifeq:{{#TITLEPARTS:15.43 |1|4}}|W|-}} ((0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1}}) ) -180 )/360 -.5 )round 0 )*360 -180 )}} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.43 |1}} |{{#expr: (((0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1}}) -180) -((((0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1}}) -180)/360 -.5 )round 0 )*360 -180 )}} }}}} |EW: {{#if:{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|4}}{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|3}}{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|2}} |{{#switch:{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|4}} ||O|E|W={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#iferror:{{#ifexpr:{{#switch:N | R+ = abs | R- = -abs | Z = trunc | Z+ | N = abs trunc | Z- = -abs 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((0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1}}) ) -180 ) -((({{#ifeq:{{#TITLEPARTS:15.43 |1|4}}|W|-}} ((0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1}}) ) -180 )/360 -.5 )round 0 )*360 -180 )}} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.43 |1}} |{{#expr: (((0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1}}) -180) -((((0{{#titleparts:15.43 |1}}) -180)/360 -.5 )round 0 )*360 -180 )}} }}}}|}} | | {{#if:Pirro Nord|Pirro Nord ohne|keine}} Koordinaten }} }}

Entdeckung, Einordnung, Fundstücke, Ausgrabungen

Zur Zeit der ersten Einwanderung menschlicher Gruppen war Italien noch erheblich schmaler, die Abruzzen hatten sich noch nicht gehoben, die Adria begann erst im Gebiet des Monte Gargano, also nicht weit von Pirro Nord entfernt.

Bei Pirro Nord handelt es sich um ein kompliziertes Karstsystem, das aus zahlreichen Höhlungen besteht. Diese werden mit „Pirro 10“ oder „Pirro 13“ näher bezeichnet, Letzteres liegt in einer Steilwand und birgt die Steinwerkzeuge, die den Nachweis menschlicher Anwesenheit lieferten.

Datei:Pirro Nord 1.jpg

Pirro Nord P13 befindet sich in der Felswand etwa in der Bildmitte

Datei:Nucleo in selce.jpg

Flintkern

Die 2006 entdeckte und seit 2008 ausgegrabene lithische Industrie wurde dabei anfangs nur von drei Kernen und sieben Silex-Abschlägen repräsentiert.<ref>Marta Arzarello, Giulio Pavia, Carlo Peretto, Carmelo Petronio, Raffaele Sardella: Evidence of an Early Pleistocene hominin presence at Pirro Nord (Apricena, Foggia, southern Italy): P13 site, in: Quaternary International (2011).</ref> Bis 2010 wuchs diese Zahl auf 235 Stücke an, Anfang 2012 waren es bereits über 250, 2014 waren es über 340. Technologisch ähneln die Steinwerkzeuge den übrigen frühesten Funden Europas. Einige Werkzeuge von geringer Qualität deuten darauf hin, dass die Menge des hochwertigen Silex in der Umgebung der Höhlen begrenzt war.

Die Ausgrabungen werden unter Federführung der Universität Ferrara, genauer des Dipartimento di Biologia ed Evoluzione, in Zusammenarbeit mit der Universität La Sapienza in Rom und der Universität Turin durchgeführt.

Ökologie, Ernährung

Diese Artefakte fanden sich in Verbindung mit tierischen Überresten, was Rückschlüsse auf Tier- und Menschen-Wanderungen, die Datierung, die Vergesellschaftung mit lokalen Tierarten, die menschliche Ernährung, die Jagd- und Zerlegungstechniken zulässt.

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  }}.</ref> Diese Nager traten typischerweise zusammen mit großen Säugern wie Bison degiulii oder Equus altidens, Bison- oder Pferdearten auf, aber auch mit Großkatzen und Elefanten, Hirschen (Axis eurygonos<ref>Carmelo Petronio, Luca Bellucci, Giuseppe Di Stefano: Axis eurygonos from Pirro Nord (Apricena, Southern Italy), in: Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, Band 298, Lieferung 1–6 (2013), S. 169–181.</ref>), Stachelschweinen (Hystrix refossa), Bären (Ursus etruscus) und Hunden (Canis mosbachensis, der vor knapp 800.000 Jahren verschwand). Diese Fauna definiert die Pirro Nord Faunal Unit in der westeuropäischen Biochronologie.<ref>Marta Arzarello, Federica Marcolini, Giulio Pavia, Marco Pavia, Carmelo Petronio, Mauro Petrucci, Lorenzo Rook, Raffaele Sardella: Evidence of earliest human occurrence in Europe: the site of Pirro Nord (Southern Italy), in: Naturwissenschaften 94,2 (2007) 107–112.</ref>

Die in Warmphasen wahrscheinlich am Rande der Abruzzen eingewanderten Tiere, die in Kaltzeiten möglicherweise über Ligurien an das Tyrrhenische Meer kamen, lebten immer wieder so lange isoliert, dass endemische Arten entstanden, wie Palaeoloxodon antiquus italicus. Die große Artenvielfalt wurde erst mit dem Maximum der Vereisung in der letzten Kaltzeit und vielleicht durch menschliche Einwirkung vor rund 30.000 Jahren stark reduziert.<ref>Carmelo Petronio, Luca Bellucci, Edoardo Martiinetto, Luca Pandolfi, Leonardo Salari: Biochronology and palaeoenvironmental changes from the Middle Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene in Central Italy. In: Geodiversitas. 33,3 (2011) 485–517.</ref>

Möglicherweise folgten menschliche Jäger vor mehr als 1,3 Millionen Jahren dann erneut den Elefanten und Bisons, die vor 870.000 Jahren einer besonders trockenen Kaltphase nach Süden und Westen auswichen. So zogen sie von Osten (Georgien, Dmanisi) westwärts nach Italien, Südfrankreich und Spanien.<ref>Nicolas Rolland: The earliest hominid dispersals beyond Subsaharan Africa: A survey of underlying causes, in: Quaternary International 223–224 (2010) 54–64.</ref> Vor allem könnte dabei erstmals die Po-Ebene als Schweifgebiet genutzt worden sein, denn die alpen- und abruzzennahen Gebiete waren unpassierbar.<ref>Giovanni Muttoni, Giancarlo Scardia, Dennis V. Kent: Human migration into Europe during the late Early Pleistocene climate transition, in: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 296, 1–2 (2010) 79–93.</ref>

Literatur

• Marta Arzarello, Carlo Peretto: The Pirro Nord site (Apricena, Fg, Southern Italy) in the context of the first European peopling: Convergences and divergences, in: Quaternary International 389 (2. Dezember 2015) 255–263.
• Marta Arzarello, Giulio Pavia, Carlo Peretto, Carmelo Petronio, Raffaele Sardella: Evidence of an Early Pleistocene hominin presence at Pirro Nord (Apricena, Foggia, southern Italy): P13 site, in: Quaternary International 267 (26. Juli 2012) 56–61.
• Marco Pavia, Marta Zunino, Mauro Coltorti, Chiara Angelone, Marta Arzarello, Cristina Bagnus, Luca Bellucci, Simone Colombero, Federica Marcolini, Carlo Peretto, Carmelo Petronio, Mauro Petrucci, Pierluigi Pieruccini, Raffaele Sardella, Evdokia Tema, Boris Villier, Giulio Pavia: Stratigraphical and palaeontological data from the Early Pleistocene Pirro 10 site of Pirro Nord (Puglia, south eastern Italy), in: Quaternary International (2010).
• Marta Arzarello, Carlo Peretto: Out of Africa: The first evidence of Italian peninsula occupation, in: Quaternary International 223–224 (2010) 65–70.
• Anastassios Kotsakis, Carmelo Petronio, Chiara Angelone, Luca Bellucci, Federica Marcolini, Leonardo Salari, Rafaele Sardella: Changes in the Late Villafranchian Mammal assemblages (from Farneta to Pirro FU, Early Pleistocene) of Italy. Abstract 33rd International Geological Congress, Oslo 6–14 august 2008, 2008.
• Marta Arzarello, Federica Marcolini, Giulio Pavia, Marco Pavia, Carmelo Petronio, Mauro Petrucci, Lorenzo Rook, Raffaele Sardella: Evidence of earliest human occurrence in Europe: the site of Pirro Nord (Southern Italy), in: Naturwissenschaften 94,2 (2007) 107–112.
• Marta Arzarello, Federica Marcolini, Giulio Pavia, Marco Pavia, Carmelo Petronio, Mauro Petrucci, Lorenzo Rook, Raffaele Sardella: L’industrie lithique du site Pléistocène inférieur de Pirro Nord (Apricena, Italie du sud) : une occupation humaine entre 1,3 et 1,7 Ma / The lithic industry of the Early Pleistocene site of Pirro Nord (Apricena South Italy): The evidence of a human occupation between 1.3 and 1.7 Ma, in: L'Anthropologie 113,1 (2009) 47–58.
• Lorenzo Rook, Raffaele Sardella: Hystrix refossa Gervais 1852, from Pirro Nord, Early Pleistocene, Southern Italy, in: Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 111 (2005) 485–492 (online, PDF).
• Massimo Delfino, Salvador Bailon: Early Pleistocene herpetofauna from Cava Dell’Erba and Cava Pirro (Apulia, southern Italy), in: Herpethological Journal 10 (2000) 95–110.
• Federico Masini, Gianluca Santini: Microtus (Allophaiomys) from Cava Pirro (Apricena, Gargano) and other italian localities, in: Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 30 (1991) 355–380.

Film

• Memorie di una Pietra von F. Scapin (LUMINA Film)

Weblinks

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• Pirro Nord, Dipartimento di Biologia ed Evoluzione, Universität Ferrara

Anmerkungen

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