Moderne Tests der Lorentzinvarianz

Moderne Tests der Lorentzinvarianz dienen zur Überprüfung der grundlegenden Aussagen der speziellen Relativitätstheorie bzw. des Äquivalenzprinzips der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie. Die mit der Lorentzinvarianz zusammenhängenden Effekte betreffen vor allem das Relativitätsprinzip, die Konstanz der Lichtgeschwindigkeit in allen Inertialsystemen, die CPT-Symmetrie, und die damit verbundenen Aussagen des Standardmodells der Teilchenphysik. Eine wesentliche Motivation dieser Experimente sind mögliche Verletzungen der Lorentz- und CPT-Invarianz, die aus diversen Variationen der Quantengravitation oder anderen Alternativen zur speziellen und allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie folgen könnten.

Mögliche Verletzungen der Lorentz- und CPT-Invarianz werden durch Testtheorien der speziellen Relativitätstheorie oder effektive Feldtheorien (EFT) wie die Standardmodellerweiterung (SME) theoretisch dargelegt. Hier wird das Standardmodell als grundsätzlich gültig angesehen, jedoch können darin lorentzverletzende Effekte durch Annahme eines bevorzugten Bezugssystems graduell eingeführt werden. Beispielsweise würden Verletzungen der Dispersionsrelation zu einer Abweichung zwischen der Lichtgeschwindigkeit und der Grenzgeschwindigkeit der Materie führen.

Es wurden sowohl terrestrische als auch astronomische Experimente (an Photonen, Nukleonen, Elektronen, Neutrinos etc.) durchgeführt. In den veröffentlichten Arbeiten konnte bislang keine Verletzung der Lorentzinvarianz festgestellt werden, und Ausnahmefälle, bei denen positive Ergebnisse vermeldet wurden, konnten bislang nicht bestätigt werden. Für eine detaillierte Übersicht siehe Mattingly (2005),<ref name="mattingly">{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

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siehe Kostelecký & Russell (2013).<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

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Für einen aktuellen und historischen Überblick, siehe Liberati (2013).<ref name="liberati">{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

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  }}</ref> Für einen allgemeinen Überblick siehe Tests der speziellen Relativitätstheorie.

Einschätzungen von Verletzungen der Lorentzinvarianz

Frühe Modelle mit denen die Möglichkeit von geringen Abweichungen von der Lorentzinvarianz eingeschätzt wurde, reichen bis in die 1960er zurück. Vor allem wurden eine Reihe von Testtheorien der speziellen Relativitätstheorie und effektiven Feldtheorien entwickelt, die zur Analyse von Experimenten verwendet werden können:<ref name="will06">{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

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Der „parametrisierte post-newtonschen Formalismus“ (PPN) wird als Testtheorie für die Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie (ART) und ihrer Alternativen verwendet, und enthält auch Parameter für lorentzverletzende Effekte durch bevorzugte Bezugssysteme oder Felder.
Der Robertson-Mansouri-Sexl-Formalismus (RMS) enthält drei Parameter mit denen Abweichungen von der Isotropie der Lichtgeschwindigkeit bezüglich eines bevorzugten Bezugssystems angegeben werden können.
Der c²-Formalismus (ein Spezialfall des allgemeineren THεμ-Formalismus) benutzt eine modifizierte Dispersionsbeziehung und beschreibt Lorentzverletzungen im Sinne einer Diskrepanz zwischen der Lichtgeschwindigkeit und der Grenzgeschwindigkeit von Materie in Anwesenheit eines bevorzugten Bezugssystems.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

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Doubly special relativity (doppelt-spezielle Relativitätstheorie, DSR) lässt die Planck-Energie bzw. die Planck-Länge invariant als minimale Skalen, ohne ein bevorzugtes Bezugssystem anzunehmen.
Very special relativity (sehr spezielle Relativitätstheorie, VSR) enthält Raumzeitsymmetrien, die bestimmte Teilgruppen der Poincarégruppe darstellen. VSR ist nur im Kontext der lokalen Quantenfeldtheorie oder im Falle von CP-Erhaltung äquivalent zur SRT.
Lorentzverletzungen werden auch im Zusammenhang mit alternativen Formulierungen zur Quantengravitation und der ART diskutiert, mit Ansätzen wie Schleifenquantengravitation, Emergente Gravitation, Einstein-Äthertheorie, Hořava-Lifshitz-Gravitation, oder Nichtkommutative Geometrie.

In vielen modernen Experimenten werden mögliche Lorentzverletzungen jedoch hauptsächlich mittels der Standardmodellerweiterung (SME) analysiert. Es wurde von Kostelecky und Mitarbeitern 1997 und danach entwickelt, vor allem um mögliche Effekte einer Theorie der Quantengravitation einschätzen zu können. Es enthält alle möglichen Lorentz- und CPT-verletzenden Koeffizienten, welche die Eichsymmetrie nicht verletzen, wobei diese Effekte durch Spontane Symmetriebrechung eingeführt werden. Sie betrifft nicht nur die SRT, sondern auch die ART und das Standardmodell.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

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  }}</ref> Modelle, deren Parameter in Beziehung zur SME gesetzt und somit als SME-Spezialfälle angesehen werden können, sind die älteren RMS und c²-Modelle<ref name="kost0205">{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if: 
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     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
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Lichtgeschwindigkeit

Terrestrisch

Experimente zur Messung von Abweichungen von der Isotropie der Lichtgeschwindigkeit werden mit optischen Resonatoren durchgeführt. Sie können als moderne Varianten des Michelson-Morley-Experiments aufgefasst werden. Ausgewertet werden diese Experimente häufig mit der Robertson-Mansouri-Sexl-Testtheorie (RMS), die eine Unterscheidung zwischen richtungs- und geschwindigkeitsbedingten Anisotropien erlaubt. Bei Michelson-Morley-Experimenten wird die Abhängigkeit der Lichtgeschwindigkeit von der Orientierung des Messaparats bzw. das Verhältnis der Längen in longitudinaler und transversaler Richtung überprüft. Hingegen bei Varianten des Kennedy-Thorndike-Experiments wird die Abhängigkeit der Lichtgeschwindigkeit von der Geschwindigkeit des Messapparats bzw. das Verhältnis der Längenkontraktion zur Zeitdilatation überprüft. Die aktuelle Genauigkeit, mit der eine Anisotropie der terrestrisch gemessenen Lichtgeschwindigkeit zwischen gleichförmig bewegten Reflektoren ausgeschlossen werden kann, liegt bei <math>10^{-17}</math>, bezogen auf die Relativgeschwindigkeit zwischen dem Sonnensystem und dem Ruhesystem der kosmischen Hintergrundstrahlung von ca. 368 km/s.

Ebenso wird die Standardmodellerweiterung (SME) für die Eingrenzung vieler Isotropie-Koeffizienten benutzt. Dabei werden beispielsweise gerade- und ungerade Paritätskoeffizienten (3x3-Matrizen) <math>\tilde{\kappa}_{e-}</math>, <math>\tilde{\kappa}_{o+}</math> and <math>\tilde{\kappa}_{tr}</math> benutzt.<ref name="kost0205"/> Diese können folgendermaßen interpretiert werden: <math>\tilde{\kappa}_{e-}</math> steht für anisotrope Verschiebungen in der Zweiweg-(hin und zurück)-Lichtgeschwindigkeit, <math>\tilde{\kappa}_{o+}</math> steht für anisotrope Einweg-Geschwindigkeitsdifferenzen von entgegengesetzten Strahlen,<ref name="hohensee">{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

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  }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}}{{#ifeq:Tobar et al.|^^||+1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}} > 1
    | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}</ref> Bei diesen Variationen und Anisotropien der Lichtgeschwindigkeit muss allerdings beachtet werden, dass sie abhängig sind von der Wahl der Koordinaten, und bei passender Wahl von Koordinatentransformationen und Feldneudefinitionen zum Verschwinden gebracht werden können. Das führt allerdings nicht dazu, dass die damit verbundenen Lorentzverletzungen ebenfalls verschwinden, sondern sie werden nur vom Photonensektor in den Materiesektor von SME verschoben, wodurch die Aussagekraft der Tests als Überprüfung der Lorentzverletzung nicht eingeschränkt wird.<ref name="kost0205" /> Gewöhnliche optische Resonatoren sind hauptsächlich für Tests der Effekte mit gerader Parität geeignet, und haben nur geringe Aussagekraft für Effekte mit ungerader Parität. Um letztere genauer zu testen, werden asymmetrische Resonatoren benutzt.<ref name="tobar" /> Weitere Koeffizienten im Photonsektor, welche nicht in den Materiesektor umdefiniert werden können, da die Lichtausbreitung verschiedener Strahlen direkt miteinander verglichen wird, führen zu Vakuumdispersion und Vakuumdoppelbrechung.

Bocquet et al. (2010) suchten auf eine andere Weise nach einer <math>\tilde{\kappa}_{o+}</math>-Anisotropie der Lichtgeschwindigkeit. Es wurden dabei Veränderungen im Dreierimpuls von Photonen während der Erdrotation durch Messung der Comptonstreuung von relativistischen Elektronen ins Auge gefasst.<ref name="bocquet" />

Autor	Jahr	RMS		SME
Autor	Jahr	Richtung	Geschwindigkeit	<math>\tilde{\kappa}_{e-}</math>	<math>\tilde{\kappa}_{o+}</math>	<math>\tilde{\kappa}_{tr}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Michimura et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2013\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\|<math>0{,}7\pm1\times10^{-14}</math> \|\|<math>-0{,}4\pm0{,}9\times10^{-10}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Baynes et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2012\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\|<math> 3\pm11\times10^{-10}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Baynes et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2011\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\|<math>0{,}7\pm1{,}4\times10^{-12}</math> \|\|<math>3{,}4\pm6{,}2\times10^{-9}</math>
Hohensee et al.<ref name="hohensee" />	2010			<math>0{,}8(0{,}6)\times10^{-16}</math>	<math>-1{,}5(1{,}2)\times10^{-12}</math>	<math>-1{,}5(0{,}74)\times10^{-8}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Bocquet et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2010\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| <math>\leq1{,}6\times10^{-14}</math> <ref><math>\tilde{\kappa}_{o+}</math> kombiniert mit Elektronkoeffizienten.</ref>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Herrmann et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2009\|\| <math>(4\pm8)\times10^{-12}</math> \|\| \|\|<math>(-0{,}31\pm0{,}73)\times10^{-17}</math>\|\|<math>(-0{,}14\pm0{,}78)\times10^{-13}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Eisele et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2009\|\| <math>(-1{,}6\pm6\pm1{,}2)\times10^{-12}</math>\|\| \|\| <math>(0{,}0\pm1{,}0\pm0{,}3)\times10^{-17}</math> \|\| <math>(1{,}5\pm1{,}5\pm0{,}2)\times10^{-13}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Tobar et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2009\|\| \|\|<math>-4{,}8(3{,}7)\times10^{-8}</math> \|\|
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Tobar et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2009\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\|<math>-0{,}3\pm3\times10^{-7}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Phys. Rev. Lett.	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Müller et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2007\|\| \|\| \|\| <math>(7{,}7(4{,}0))\times10^{-16}</math>\|\| <math>(1{,}7(2{,}0))\times10^{-12}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Carone et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2006\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| \|\|<math>\lesssim3\times10^{-8}</math> <ref>Gemessen mittels des anomalen magnetische Moments des Elektrons.</ref>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Stanwix et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2006\|\|<math> 9{,}4(8{,}1)\times10^{-11}</math>\|\| \|\|<math>(-6{,}9(2{,}2))\times10^{-16}</math>\|\|<math>(-0{,}9(2{,}6))\times10^{-12}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Phys. Rev. Lett.	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Herrmann et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2005\|\| <math>(-2{,}1\pm1{,}9)\times10^{-10}</math>\|\| \|\| <math>(-3{,}1(2{,}5))\times10^{-16}</math>\|\| <math>(-2{,}5(5{,}1))\times10^{-12}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Stanwix et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2005\|\| <math>-0{,}9(2{,}0)\times10^{-10}</math>\|\| \|\| <math>(-0{,}63(0{,}43))\times10^{-15}</math>\|\| <math>(0{,}20(0{,}21))\times10^{-11}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review A	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Antonini et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2005\|\|<math>(+0{,}5\pm3\pm0{,}7)\times10^{-10}</math>\|\| \|\|<math>(-2\pm0{,}2)\times10^{-14}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Wolf et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2004\|\| \|\| \|\| <math>(-5{,}7\pm2{,}3)\times10^{-15}</math>\|\| <math>(-1{,}8\pm1{,}5)\times10^{-11}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: General Relativity and Gravitation	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Wolf et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2004\|\|<math>(+1{,}2\pm2{,}2)\times10^{-9}</math>\|\| <math>(3{,}7\pm3{,}0)\times10^{-7}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Müller et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2003\|\|<math>(+2{,}2\pm1{,}5)\times10^{-9}</math>\|\| \|\| <math>(1{,}7\pm2{,}6)\times10^{-15}</math>\|\| <math>(14\pm14)\times10^{-11}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Lipa et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2003\|\| \|\| \|\| <math>(1{,}4\pm1{,}4\times10^{-13}</math>\|\| <math>\leq10^{-9}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Wolf et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2003\|\|<math>(+1{,}5\pm4{,}2)\times10^{-9}</math> \|\|
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Phys. Rev. Lett.	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Braxmaier et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2002\|\| \|\|<math>(1{,}9\pm2{,}1)\times10^{-5}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Phys. Rev. Lett.	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Hils, Dieter; Hall, J. L.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|1990\|\| \|\|<math>6{,}6\times10^{-5}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Phys. Rev. Lett.	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Brillet, A.; Hall, J. L.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|1979\|\|<math>\lesssim5\times10^{-9}</math>\|\| \|\|<math>\lesssim10^{-15}</math>

Sonnensystem

Neben terrestrischen werden auch astrometrische Tests mit Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR), also dem Lasersignalaustausch zwischen Erde und Mond, durchgeführt. Gewöhnlich werden diese Messungen zwar als Tests der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie aufgefasst und mittels des „parametrisierten post-newtonschen Formalismus“ analysiert<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

       | {{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
               | Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot
               | Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot
         }}
  }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar|check
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  }}</ref> – doch diese Messungen können auch als Tests der speziellen Relativitätstheorie dienen, da die Konstanz der Lichtgeschwindigkeit dabei angewendet wird und Abweichungen davon sich als Distanz- bzw. Orbitalveränderungen zeigen würden. Beispielsweise konnten Zoltán Bay und White (1981) durch Analyse der planetaren Radardaten und LLR die empirischen Grundlagen der Lorentz-Gruppe und somit der speziellen Relativitätstheorie aufzeigen.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if: 
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Müller et al. (1995, 1999) führten eine Variante des oben erwähnten Kennedy-Thorndike-Experiments mit LLR durch. Eine Abhängigkeit der Lichtgeschwindigkeit von der Geschwindigkeit des Beobachters relativ zu einem bevorzugten Bezugssystem müsste zu Veränderungen der Laufzeit und somit zu Variationen in der gemessenen Entfernung Erde-Mond führen. Das kann nur ausgeglichen werden wenn Längenkontraktion und Zeitdilatation die exakt relativistischen Werte annehmen. Das Ergebnis war negativ, mit einer maximalen RMS-Geschwindigkeitsabhängigkeit von <math>(-5\pm12)\times10^{-5}</math>, was vergleichbar ist mit den Experimenten von Hils und Hall (1990, siehe Tabelle oben rechts).<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

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Vakuumdispersion

Neben den oben erwähnten Isotropiemessungen wird in astronomischen Experimenten Dispersion, also die Abhängigkeit der Geschwindigkeit des Lichts entfernter Lichtquellen von seiner Energie bzw. Frequenz untersucht. Gewöhnlich wird angenommen, dass wenn Abweichungen auftreten, dann sollten diese bei Photonenenergien beginnend ab der Planck-Energie von ca. 1,22 × 10¹⁹ GeV messbar werden. In folgenden Arbeiten wurde bei Untersuchungen von Gammablitzen und anderen astronomischen Quellen nach solchen Abweichungen gesucht. Es konnte allerdings, bei immer größerer Genauigkeit, keine Energieabhängigkeit bzw. Verletzungen der Lorentzinvarianz festgestellt werden, wobei die Fermi-Gruppe<ref name="lat" /> sogar Photonenenergien von bis zu 31 GeV untersuchte. Da es in diesem Bereich längst zu Abweichungen hätte kommen sollen, ist diese Klasse von Theorien der Quantengravitation praktisch ausgeschlossen.

Name	Jahr	Untere Grenze in GeV
		95 % C.L.	99 % C.L.
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Vasileiou et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2013\|\|<math> >7{,}6\times E_{\mathrm{Pl}}</math>
Fermi-LAT-GBM-Gruppe<ref name="lat">{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur\|f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Nature	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Fermi LAT Collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2009\|\|<math> >3{,}42\times E_{\mathrm{Pl}}</math>\|\|<math> >1{,}19\times E_{\mathrm{Pl}}</math>
H.E.S.S.-Gruppe<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur\|f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physics Letters B	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:HESS Collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2008\|\|<math>\geq7{,}2\times10^{17}</math>
MAGIC-Gruppe<ref name="magic">{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur\|f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physics Letters B	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:MAGIC Collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2007\|\|<math>\geq0{,}21\times10^{18}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: General Relativity and Gravitation	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Lamon et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2008\|\|<math> \geq3{,}2\times10^{11}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Rodríguez Martínez et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2006\|\|<math> \geq0{,}66\times10^{17}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Astroparticle Physics	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Ellis et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur\|f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Astroparticle Physics	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Ellis et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2006/8\|\|<math>\geq1{,}4\times10^{16}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: The Astrophysical Journal	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Boggs et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2004\|\|<math>\geq1{,}8\times10^{17}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Astronomy and Astrophysics	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Ellis et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2003\|\|<math>\geq6{,}9\times10^{15}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: The Astrophysical Journal	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Ellis et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2000\|\|<math> \geq10^{15}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Schaefer, Bradley E.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|1999\|\|<math> \geq2{,}7\times10^{16}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Biller et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|1999\|\|<math> >4\times10^{16}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Astronomy and Astrophysics	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Kaaret, Philip\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|1999\|\|<math> >1{,}8\times10^{15}</math>

Vakuumdoppelbrechung

Durch Verletzungen der Lorentzinvarianz (wie beispielsweise beim Vorhandensein eines bevorzugten Bezugssystems) könnte es auch zu Doppelbrechung im Vakuum und Paritätsverletzungen kommen. Geforscht wird nach den damit zusammenhängenden Abweichungen der Polarisation von Photonen, beispielsweise der Drehung der Polarisationsebene durch Geschwindigkeitsunterschiede zwischen rechts- und linkspolarisierten Photonen. Hierbei werden Gammablitze, Galaxienstrahlung, und die kosmische Mikrowellenhintergrundstrahlung überprüft. Folgende Arbeiten enthalten einige durch die Standardmodellerweiterung vorgegebenen Koeffizienten <math>k_{(V)00}^{(3)}</math> bzw. <math>k_{(V)00}^{(5)}</math> für Lorentzverletzungen durch Doppelbrechung, wobei 3 bzw. 5 die benutzten Massendimensionen darstellen. Letzteres entspricht dem Ausdruck <math>\xi</math> in der Meyers-Pospelov EFT<ref name="meyers" /> durch <math>\textstyle k_{(V)00}^{(5)}=\frac{3\sqrt{4\pi}\xi}{5m_{\mathrm{P}}}</math>,<ref name="steck" /> wo <math>m_\mathrm P</math> die Planckmasse ist. Bislang wurden keine Verletzungen der Lorentzinvarianz festgestellt. Die ESO hat jedoch erste Hinweise zum Vorhandensein der Vakuumdoppelbrechung gefunden.<ref name="ESO1641-de">{{#if:Vorlage:Cite book/URL|{{#iferror: {{#iferror:{{#invoke:Vorlage:FormatDate|Execute}}|Vorlage:FormatDate/Wartung/Error}}| |}}}}{{#if:{{#if:

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                     | 0001-01-01
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       |4=im Jahr
       |7=im
       |10=am
       |#default={{#invoke:TemplUtl|failure|1=Fehler bei Vorlage:Internetquelle, abruf={{#if: 2016-12-01
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  }}</ref>

Name	Jahr	SME-Grenzen		EFT-Grenzen (<math>\xi</math>)
Name	Jahr	<math>k_{(V)00}^{(3)}</math> in GeV	<math>k_{(V)00}^{(5)}</math> in GeV⁻¹	EFT-Grenzen (<math>\xi</math>)
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Götz et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2013\|\| \|\|<math>\leq5{,}9\times10^{-35}</math>\|\|<math>\leq3{,}4\times10^{-16}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Toma et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2012\|\| \|\|<math>\leq1{,}4\times10^{-34}</math>\|\|<math>\leq8\times10^{-16}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Laurent et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2011\|\| \|\|<math>\leq1{,}9\times10^{-33}</math>\|\|<math>\leq1{,}1\times10^{-14}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Astroparticle Physics	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Stecker, Floyd W.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2011\|\| \|\|<math>\leq4{,}2\times10^{-34}</math>\|\|<math>\leq2{,}4\times10^{-15}</math>
Kostelecký et al.<ref name="kost0905" />	2009		<math>\leq1\times10^{-32}</math>	<math>\leq9\times10^{-14}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:QUaD Collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2008\|\|<math>\leq2\times10^{-43}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: The Astrophysical Journal	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Kostelecký, V. Alan; Mewes, Matthew\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2008\|\|<math> =(2{,}3\pm5{,}4)\times10^{-43}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Maccione et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2008\|\| \|\|<math>\leq1{,}5\times10^{-28}</math>\|\|<math>\leq9\times10^{-10}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: The Astrophysical Journal Supplement	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Komatsu et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2008\|\|<math> =(1{,}2\pm2{,}2)\times10^{-43}</math> <ref name="kost0905" />
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Kahniashvili et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2008\|\|<math>\leq2{,}5\times10^{-43}</math> <ref name="kost0905" />
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: The Astrophysical Journal	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Xia et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2008\|\|<math>=(2{,}6\pm1{,}9)\times10^{-43}</math> <ref name="kost0905" />
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Cabella et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2007\|\|<math> =(2{,}5\pm3{,}0)\times10^{-43}</math> <ref name="kost0905" />
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Fan et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2007\|\| \|\|<math>\leq3{,}4\times10^{-26}</math>\|\|<math>\leq2\times10^{-7}</math> <ref name="steck" />
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Feng et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2006\|\|<math>=(6{,}0\pm4{,}0)\times10^{-43}</math> <ref name="kost0905" />
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Gleiser, Reinaldo J.; Kozameh, Carlos N.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2001\|\| \|\|<math>\leq8{,}7\times10^{-23}</math>\|\|<math>\leq2\times10^{-4}</math> <ref name="steck" />
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Carroll et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|1990\|\|<math> \leq2\times10^{-42}</math>

Grenzgeschwindigkeit von Materie

Schwellenenergie-Effekte

Veränderte Dispersionsbeziehungen durch Lorentzverletzungen können zu Schwellenenergie-(Threshold)-Effekten führen, die ansonsten nicht möglich wären. Dies ist beispielsweise der Fall, wenn die Grenzgeschwindigkeit von Teilchen die eine Ladungsstruktur besitzen (wie Protonen, Elektronen, Neutrinos), und Photonen unterschiedlich ausfällt. Abhängig davon, welche von diesen Teilchenarten Überlichtgeschwindigkeit erreicht, wird vor allem nach folgenden Effekten gesucht:<ref name="JacNeu">{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

       | {{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
               | Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot
               | Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot
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  }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar|check
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  }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if:  | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if:        | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D
     || Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
        | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
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  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
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  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
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    | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}</ref><ref name="hohe" />

Photonenzerfall, wenn die Geschwindigkeit der Photonen größer als die Grenzgeschwindigkeit anderer Teilchen ist. Die Photonen zerfallen in sehr kurzer Zeit in verschiedene Teilchen, was bedeutet, dass hochenergetisches Licht aus sehr großen Entfernungen die Erde nicht mehr erreichen könnte. Das bloße Vorhandensein von hochenergetischem Licht aus entfernten astronomischen Regionen schränkt mögliche Unterschiede zwischen der Lichtgeschwindigkeit und der Grenzgeschwindigkeit anderer Teilchen ein.
Vakuum-Tscherenkow-Effekt, wenn die Grenzgeschwindigkeit geladener Teilchen größer als die Lichtgeschwindigkeit ist. Hier kann es zur Emission von Bremsstrahlung in verschiedenen Formen kommen, bis die Schwellenenergie unterschritten wird. Dies ist analog zur bekannten Tscherenkow-Strahlung in Medien, in dem sich Teilchen schneller bewegen als die Phasenlichtgeschwindigkeit in diesem Medium. Lorentzverletzungen aufgrund dieses Effektes können eingeschränkt werden, wenn Teilchen wie beispielsweise Ultrahochenergetische kosmische Strahlung (UHECR) aus entfernten astronomischen Regionen auf der Erde ankommen. Je größer die Energie, desto geringer die Möglichkeit von Abweichungen ihrer Grenzgeschwindigkeit von der Lichtgeschwindigkeit.
Veränderung der Synchrotronstrahlung aufgrund von unterschiedlicher Grenzgeschwindigkeit zwischen geladenen Teilchen und Licht.
Der GZK-Cutoff könnte durch entsprechende Lorentzverletzungen ebenfalls aufgehoben werden. Da der Cutoff in neueren Messungen jedoch mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit nachgewiesen wurde, können mögliche Lorentzverletzungen erheblich eingeschränkt werden.

Diese Effekte grenzen zusammen mögliche Abweichungen zwischen Grenzgeschwindigkeit und Lichtgeschwindigkeit beidseitig ein, wie in folgender Tabelle zu sehen ist. Da astronomische Messungen jedoch auch Zusatzannahmen – betreffend die oft nur annähernd bekannten Verhältnisse bei der Emission – enthalten, ergeben terrestrische Messungen eine größere Sicherheit, allerdings fallen die bestimmten EFT-Grenzwerte für Abweichungen in den Grenzgeschwindigkeiten etwas geringer aus:

Name	Jahr	EFT-Grenzwerte				Teilchen	Astr./Terr.
		Photonenzerfall	Tscherenkow	Synchrotron	GZK
Stecker<ref name="stecker14" />	2014		<math>\leq5\times10^{-21}</math>			Electron	Astr.
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: New Journal of Physics	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Stecker, Floyd W.; Scully, Sean T.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2009\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| <math>\leq4{,}5\times10^{-23}</math> \|\|UHECR\|\|Astr.
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Altschul, Brett\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2009\|\| \|\| \|\|<math> \leq5\times10^{-15}</math>\|\| \|\|Electron\|\|Terr.
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Hohensee et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2009\|\|<math> \leq-5{,}8\times10^{-12}</math>\|\|<math>\leq1{,}2\times10^{-11}</math>\|\| \|\| \|\|Electron\|\|Terr.
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Bi, Xiao-Jun; Cao, Zhen; Li, Ye; Yuan, Qiang\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2008\|\| \|\| \|\| \|\| <math>\leq3\times10^{-23}</math> \|\|UHECR\|\|Astr.
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Klinkhamer, F. R.; Schreck, M.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2008\|\|<math>\leq-9\times10^{-16}</math>\|\|<math>\leq6\times10^{-20}</math>\|\| \|\| \|\|UHECR\|\|Astr.
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Klinkhamer, F. R.; Risse, M.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2007\|\| \|\| <math>\leq2\times10^{-19}</math>\|\| \|\| \|\| UHECR\|\|Astr.
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Kaufhold, C.; Klinkhamer, F. R.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2007\|\| \|\|<math>\leq10^{-17}</math>\|\| \|\| \|\|UHECR\|\|Astr.
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Altschul, Brett\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2005\|\| \|\| \|\|<math>\leq6\times10^{-20}</math>\|\| \|\|Electron\|\|Astr.
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Gagnon, Olivier; Moore, Guy D.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2004\|\|<math>\leq-2\times10^{-21}</math>\|\|<math>\leq5\times10^{-24}</math>\|\| \|\| \|\|UHECR\|\|Astr.
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Jacobson et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2003\|\| <math>\leq-2\times10^{-16}</math> \|\|<math>\leq5\times10^{-20}</math>\|\| \|\| \|\|Electron\|\|Astr.
Coleman & Glashow<ref name="glas98" />	1997	<math>\leq-1{,}5\times10^{-15}</math>	<math>\leq5\times10^{-23}</math>			UHECR	Astr.

Uhrenvergleich und Spinmessungen

Diese oft als Hughes-Drever- oder Uhrenvergleichsexperimente („Clock comparison experiments“) bezeichneten spektroskopischen Tests untersuchen Abweichungen von der Lorentzinvarianz bei Protonen, und Neutronen. Es werden dabei Untersuchungen des Energieniveaus durchgeführt, wobei Anisotropien in den Frequenzen („Uhren“) festgestellt werden können, welche beispielsweise durch das Vorhandensein eines bevorzugten Bezugssystems gemäß SME auftreten sollten. Untersucht werden Vektorspin- und Tensorwechselwirkungen<ref name="smiciklas" /> und werden oft beschrieben mittels CPT-odd/even-Termen der SME, besonders bezüglich der Parameter von <math>b_\mu</math> und <math>c_{\mu\nu}</math>. Diese Experimente gehören zu den präzisesten überhaupt, da Abweichungen von bis zu <math>10^{-33}</math> GeV feststellbar wären. Durch Benutzung von spinpolarisierten Torsionswaagen konnten entsprechende Grenzen auch bei Elektronen erreicht werden.

Auch mit diesen Experimenten kann die Grenzgeschwindigkeit von Materie untersucht werden,<ref name="will06" /> besonders im Zusammenhang mit den Parametern von <math>c_{\mu\nu}</math> analog zu den Schwellenenergie-Effekten.<ref name="altschul0905" />

Autor	Jahr	SME-Grenzen			Parameter
Autor	Jahr	Proton	Neutron	Elektron	Parameter
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Allmendinger et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2013\|\| \|\|<math><6{,}7\times10^{-34}</math>\|\| \|\| <math>b_\mu</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Hohensee et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2013\|\| \|\| \|\|<math>(-9{,}0\pm11)\times10^{-17}</math> \|\| <math>c_{\mu\nu}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review A	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Peck et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2012\|\|<math><4\times10^{-30}</math>\|\|<math><3{,}7\times10^{-31}</math>\|\| \|\| <math>b_\mu</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:M. Smiciklas et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2011\|\| \|\|<math>(4{,}8\pm4{,}4)\times10^{-32}</math>\|\| \|\| <math>c_{\mu\nu}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Gemmel et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2010\|\| \|\|<math><3{,}7\times10^{-32}</math>\|\| \|\| <math>b_\mu</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Brown et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2010\|\|<math><6\times10^{-32}</math>\|\|<math><3{,}7\times10^{-33}</math>\|\| \|\| <math>b_\mu</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Altarev, I. et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2009\|\| \|\|<math><2\times10^{-29}</math>\|\| \|\| <math>b_\mu</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Heckel et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2008\|\| \|\| \|\|<math>(4{,}0\pm3{,}3)\times10^{-31}</math> \|\| <math>b_\mu</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Wolf et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2006\|\|<math>(-1{,}8(2{,}8))\times10^{-25}</math>\|\| \|\| \|\| <math>c_{\mu\nu}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Canè et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2004\|\| \|\|<math>(8{,}0\pm9{,}5)\times10^{-32}</math>\|\| \|\| <math>b_\mu</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Heckel et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2006\|\| \|\| \|\| <math><5\times10^{-30}</math>\|\| <math>b_\mu</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review A	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Humphrey et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2003\|\| \|\| \|\|<math><2\times10^{-27}</math> \|\| <math>b_\mu</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Hou et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2003\|\| \|\| \|\| <math>(1{,}8\pm5{,}3)\times10^{-30}</math>\|\| <math>b_\mu</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Phillips et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2001\|\|<math><2\times10^{-27}</math>\|\| \|\| \|\| <math>b_\mu</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Bear et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2000\|\| \|\|<math>(4{,}0\pm3{,}3)\times10^{-31}</math>\|\| \|\| <math>b_\mu</math>

Zeitdilatation

Die klassischen Experimente zum Nachweis der Zeitdilatation bzw. des relativistischen Dopplereffekts, wie das Ives-Stilwell-Experiment, die Mößbauer-Rotor-Experimente, und die Zeitdilatation bewegter Teilchen, werden ebenfalls wiederholt. Dabei werden beispielsweise Lithium-Ionen in Speicherringen verwendet. Sogar bei alltäglichen Geschwindigkeiten von 36 km/h konnten Chou et al. (2010) eine entsprechende Frequenzverschiebung von rund 10⁻¹⁶ aufgrund der Zeitdilatation messen.<ref name="Chou">{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

       | {{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
               | Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot
               | Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot
         }}
  }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar|check
   |all    = title=
   |opt    = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical=  name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx=  accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=
   |cat      = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal
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   |template = Vorlage:Cite journal
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   |preview  = 1
  }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if:  | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if:        | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Science
     || Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
        | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
       | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}}{{#ifeq:Chou, C. W. et al.|^^||+1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}} > 1
    | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}</ref>

Autor	Jahr	Geschwindigkeit	Max. Abweichung von der Zeitdilatation	RMS-Grenzen vierter Ordnung
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review A	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Novotny, C. et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2009\|\|0,34c\|\|<math>\leq1{,}3\times10^{-6}</math>\|\|<math> \leq1{,}2\times10^{-5}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Nature Physics	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Reinhardt et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2007\|\|0,064c\|\|<math>\leq8{,}4\times10^{-8}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Phys. Rev. Lett.	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Saathoff et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2003\|\|0,064c\|\|<math>\leq2{,}2\times10^{-7}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Applied Physics B Lasers and Optics	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Grieser et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|1994\|\|0,064c\|\|<math>\leq1\times10^{-6}</math>\|\|<math>\leq2{,}7\times10^{-4}</math>

CPT- und Antimaterietests

Die Lorentz-Invarianz ist eng verknüpft mit der CPT-Symmetrie in lokalen Quantenfeldtheorien (mit nicht-lokalen Ausnahmen).<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

       | {{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
               | Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot
               | Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot
         }}
  }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar|check
   |all    = title=
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   |cat      = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal
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  }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if:  | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if:        | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters
     || Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
        | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
       | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}}{{#ifeq:Greenberg, O. W.|^^||+1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}} > 1
    | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if: 
       | {{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
               | Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot
               | Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot
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  }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar|check
   |all    = title=
   |opt    = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical=  name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx=  accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=
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  }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if:  | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if:        | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Cornell University
     || Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
        | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
       | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}}{{#ifeq:Greenberg, O. W.|^^||+1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}} > 1
    | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}</ref> Daraus folgt u. a. eine strenge Symmetrie in der Masse von Teilchen und ihren Antiteilchen wie auch gleiche Zerfallszeiten (für ältere Tests dieser Art siehe Zeitdilatation bewegter Teilchen). Bei modernen Tests werden vor allem neutrale Mesonen untersucht. In großen Teilchenbeschleunigern werden darüber hinaus auch Massendifferenzen zwischen Top- und Antitopquarks untersucht.

Neutrale B-Mesonen
Autor	Jahr
Belle<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur\|f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Belle Collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2012
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Kostelecký, V. Alan; van Kooten, Richard J.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2010
BaBar<ref name="babar07">{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur\|f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:BaBar Collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2008
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Belle Collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2003
Neutrale D-Mesonen
FOCUS<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur\|f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physics Letters B	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:FOCUS Collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2003

Neutrale Kaonen
Autor	Jahr
KTeV<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur\|f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:KTeV Collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2011
KLOE<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur\|f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physics Letters B	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:KLOE Collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2006
CPLEAR<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur\|f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physics Reports	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:CPLEAR Collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2003
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:KTeV Collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2003
NA31<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur\|f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physics Letters B	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:NA31 Collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|1990

Top- und Antitopquarks
Autor	Jahr
CDF<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur\|f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:CDF Collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2012
CMS<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur\|f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Journal of High Energy Physics	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:CMS Collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2012
D0-Experiment<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur\|f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:D0 Collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2011
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:CDF Collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2011
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Gemäß der Standardmodellerweiterung sind zusätzlich folgende Faktoren von Bedeutung: die das System bestimmenden elektromagnetischen, gravitativen, und nuklearen Felder müssen ebenso wie die Rotation und der Orbit der Erde berücksichtigt werden. Neben obigen Experimenten können solche Effekte beispielsweise mit Penning-Fallen festgestellt werden. Dabei werden einzelne, geladene Teilchen und deren antimaterielle Gegenstücke festgehalten. Dazu werden ein starkes Magnetfeld, um die Teilchen nahe der Zentralachse zu halten, und ein elektrisches Feld, das die Teilchen entsprechend ausrichtet, sollten sie zu weit entlang der Achse verstreut sein, benutzt. Die Bewegungsfrequenzen der festgehaltenen Teilchen können mit erheblicher Präzision überwacht und gemessen werden. Gabrielse et al. (1999) führten Proton-Antiproton-Messungen durch. Dabei wurden die Zyklotronfrequenzen der festgehaltenen Teilchen verglichen, wobei eine Genauigkeit von <math>9\cdot10^{-11}</math> erreicht wurde.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

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Hans Dehmelt et al. (1999) überprüften mit Penningfallen die Anomaliefrequenzen, welche eine wichtige Rolle in der Messung des gyromagnetischen Verhältnisses des Elektrons spielt, wobei die maximale Abweichung auf 10⁻²⁴ GeV eingegrenzt werden konnte.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

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Daneben werden auch Tests an Myonen durchgeführt. Da die Lebenszeit von Myonen nur wenige Millisekunden beträgt, unterscheiden sich diese Experimente erheblich von denen mit Elektronen und Positronen. Hughes et al. (2001) veröffentlichten Daten über deren Suche nach siderischen Signalen im Spektrum von Myonium. Es konnten keine Abweichungen von der Lorentzinvarianz gefunden werden, wobei die maximale Grenze dafür auf <math>2\cdot10^{-23}</math> eingegrenzt werden konnte.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

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Die „Muon g−2“-Gruppe des Brookhaven National Laboratory forschte nach Abweichungen in den Anomaliefrequenzen von Myonen und Antimyonen. Ebenso suchten sie nach siderischen Variationen unter Berücksichtigung der Orientierung der Erde relativ zu einem sonnenzentrierten Inertialsystem. Auch hier konnten keine Abweichungen von der Lorentzinvarianz gefunden werden.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

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Andere Teilchen und Wechselwirkungen

Teilchen der dritten Generation wurden ebenfalls auf mögliche Lorentzverletzungen untersucht und im Rahmen der SME analysiert. Altschul (2007) forschte nach anomaler Absorption von kosmischen Hochenergiestrahlen und fand eine Obergrenze für Lorentzverletzungen für das τ-Lepton von 10⁻⁸.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

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Während des BaBar-Experiment (2007) wurde anhand von B-Mesonen (und somit Bottom-Quarks) nach siderischen Variationen während der Erdrotation geforscht. Lorentz- und CPT-Verletzungen konnten ausgeschlossen werden mit einer Obergrenze von <math>\leq(-3{,}0\pm2{,}4)\times10^{-15}</math>.<ref name="babar07" /> Auch Top-Quark-Paare wurden während des D0-Experiments untersucht (2012), wobei gezeigt wurde, dass die Erzeugung dieser Paare nicht von der siderischen Zeit während der Erdrotation abhängt.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

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Grenzen für Lorentzverletzungen bei Bhabha-Streuung (der quantenelektrodynamischen Elektron-Positron-Streuung) wurden von Charneski et al. (2012) ermittelt.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

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  }}</ref> Sie zeigten, dass die differentiellen Querschnitte für die vektoriellen und axialen Kopplungen in der Quantenfeldtheorie bei Anwesenheit von Lorentzverletzungen richtungsabhängig werden. Die Abwesenheit dieses Effekts ergaben eine Obergrenze von <math>\leq10^{14}(\text{eV})^{-1}</math>.

Gravitation

Da die SRT und somit auch Lorentzinvarianz lokal im Rahmen der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (ART) erfüllt sein müssen, können Verletzungen der Lorentzinvarianz auch durch Analyse der Auswirkungen von Gravitationsfeldern untersucht werden. Allgemein wurde zur Analyse von Abweichungen von der ART der parametrisierte post-newtonsche Formalismus (PPN) entwickelt. Dieser enthält auch die Parameter <math>\alpha_1</math>, <math>\alpha_2</math> und <math>\alpha_3</math> zur Beschreibung von Effekten eines „bevorzugten Bezugssystems“, welche Lorentzverletzungen entsprechen. Dazu wurden eine Reihe von Tests durchgeführt, siehe Tests der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie. Lorentzverletzungen werden dabei auch in Rahmen diverser Alternativen zur ART wie der Schleifenquantengravitation, Emergente Gravitation, Einstein-Äthertheorie, oder Hořava-Lifshitz-Gravitation diskutiert.

Der Einfluss von Lorentzverletzungen auf Gravitationsfelder wurde auch im Rahmen von SME untersucht. Bailey and Kostelecky (2006) schränkten die Möglichkeit von Lorentzverletzungen auf bis zu 10⁻⁹ ein, indem sie die Apsidendrehung von Merkur untersuchten, und bis zu 10⁻¹³ durch Untersuchung von solarer Spinpräzession.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

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    | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}</ref> Battat et al. (2007) studierten Lunar-Laser-Ranging-Daten und fanden keinerlei oszillatorische Veränderungen im Mondorbit. Sie erreichten dabei eine Obergrenze für Lorentzverletzungen von bis zu <math>(6{,}9\pm4{,}5)\times10^{-11}</math>.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if: 
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     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
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     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
       | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
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     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}}{{#ifeq:Iorio, L.|^^||+1}}{{#ifeq:^^|^^||+1}} > 1
    | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}</ref> Xie (2012) analysiert das Voranrücken des Periastron von Doppelpulsaren, mit Obergrenzen für Lorentzverletzungen auf dem 10⁻¹⁰-Niveau.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if: 
       | {{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
               | Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot
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     || Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
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    | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}</ref>

Neutrinotests

Neutrinooszillationen

Obwohl Neutrinooszillationen experimentell nachgewiesen wurden, sind die theoretischen Grundlagen noch umstritten, was Voraussagen möglicher Abweichungen von der Lorentzinvarianz, bzw. deren Interpretation, sollten experimentelle Befunde eine solche nahelegen, schwierig macht (wie beispielsweise die Problematik um sterile Neutrinos). Während man gewöhnlich annimmt, dass diese Oszillationen das Vorhandensein einer Neutrinomasse beweisen, gibt es auch Annahmen, wonach die Neutrinos masselos sind, und die Oszillationen das Produkt von Verletzungen der Lorentzinvarianz sind. D.h. das Auftreten von Oszillationen an sich wäre bereits als Lorentzverletzung zu verstehen. Jedoch liegen befriedigende lorentzinvariante Erklärungsmodelle, welche das Standardmodell ergänzen, bereits vor, sodass etwaige Lorentzverletzungen wohl nur noch als Abweichungen von diesen Modellen zu verstehen sind.<ref name="glas98"/><ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

       | {{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
               | Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot
               | Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot
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    | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}</ref>

Lorentz- und CPT-Verletzungen, beispielsweise aufgrund einer Anisotropie des Raumes bei Vorhandensein eines bevorzugten Hintergrundes, könnten zu einer siderischen Abhängigkeit der Wahrscheinlichkeit des Auftretens von Neutrinooszillationen führen. Anisotropiemessungen konnten den Spielraum für solche Anisotropien erheblich einschränken:

Name	Jahr	SME-Grenzen in GeV
Double Chooz<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur\|f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Double Chooz collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2012\|\|<math>\leq10^{-20}</math>
MINOS<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur\|f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:MINOS collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2012\|\|<math>\leq10^{-23}</math>
MiniBooNE<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur\|f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physics Letters B	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:MiniBooNE Collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref> \|\|2012\|\|<math>\leq10^{-20}</math>
IceCube<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur\|f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:IceCube Collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2010\|\|<math>\leq10^{-23}</math>
MINOS<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur\|f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:MINOS collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2010\|\|<math>\leq10^{-23}</math>
MINOS<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur\|f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:MINOS collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2008\|\|<math>\leq10^{-20}</math>
LSND<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur\|f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:LSND collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|	2005	<math>\leq10^{-19}</math>

Geschwindigkeit

Es wurde eine Reihe von Messungen der Geschwindigkeit der Neutrinos durchgeführt. Wird angenommen, dass Neutrinos masselos sind, müssten sie sich mit Lichtgeschwindigkeit bewegen. Seit der Entdeckung von Neutrinooszillationen wird jedoch angenommen, dass sie Masse besitzen und folglich (unwesentlich) langsamer als Lichtgeschwindigkeit sind. Bisherige Tests zeigen keine signifikanten Abweichungen von der Lichtgeschwindigkeit, mit einer Obergrenze von <math>(v-c)/c<10^{-9}</math>. Für Details siehe Messungen der Neutrinogeschwindigkeit.

Gemäß effektiver Feldtheorien wie SME gibt es darüber hinaus auch bei überlichtschnellen Neutrinos indirekte Methoden der Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung, wie die Anwendung des Vakuum-Tscherenkow-Effekts. So kommt hier Elektron-Positron-Erzeugung in Frage, wodurch überlichtschnelle Neutrinos in kurzer Zeit einen großen Teil ihrer Energie verlieren würden.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

       | {{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
               | Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot
               | Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot
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  }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if:  | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if:        | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
     || Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
        | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
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    | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}</ref> Eine andere Auswirkung gemäß demselben Modell wäre die Verlängerung der Zerfallszeiten von Pionen in Myonen und Neutrinos. Die Abwesenheit dieser Effekte schränkt mögliche Geschwindigkeitsunterschiede zwischen Licht und Neutrinos erheblich ein.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if: 
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  }}</ref>

Name	Jahr	Energie	SME-Limits für (v-c)/c
Name	Jahr	Energie	Vakuum-Tscherenkow	Pionenzerfall
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Astroparticle Physics	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Stecker, Floyd W.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2014\|\|1 PeV\|\|<math><5{,}6\times10^{-19}</math>\|\|
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Borriello et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2013\|\|1 PeV\|\| <math><10^{-18}</math>\|\|
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Cowsik et al.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2012\|\|100 TeV\|\|colspan=2 style="text-align:center"\| <math><10^{-13}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Huo, Yunjie; Li, Tianjun; Liao, Yi; Nanopoulos, Dimitri V.; Qi, Yonghui\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2012\|\|400 TeV\|\| <math><7{,}8\times10^{-12}</math>\|\|
ICARUS<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur\|f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physics Letters B	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:ICARUS Collaboration\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2011\|\|17 GeV\|\| <math> <2{,}5\times10^{-8}</math>\|\|
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Cowsik, R.; Nussinov, S.; Sarkar, U.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2011\|\|400 TeV\|\| \|\| <math> <10^{-12}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Bi, Xiao-Jun; Yin, Peng-Fei; Yu, Zhao-Huan; Yuan, Qiang\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2011\|\|400 TeV\|\| \|\| <math> <10^{-12}</math>
f}}{{#if:	{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot	Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot }} }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar\|check	all = title=	opt = vauthors= author= author1= authorlink= author-link= author-link1= author1-link= author2= author3= author4= author5= author6= author7= author8= author9= editor= last= first= last1= first1= last2= first2= last3= first3= last4= first4= last5= first5= last6= first6= last7= first7= last8= first8= last9= first9= last10= first10= last11= first11= last12= first12= last13= first13= last14= first14= last15= first15= others= script-title= trans-title= date= year= volume= issue= number= series= page= pages= at= issn= arxiv= bibcode= doi= pmid= pmc= jstor= oclc= id= url= url-status= format= access-date= archive-date= archive-url= archivebot= offline= location= publisher= language= quote= work= journal= newspaper= magazine= periodical= name-list-style= url-access= doi-access= display-authors= via= s2cid= mr= type= citeseerx= accessdate= archivedate= archiveurl= coauthors= month= day= last16= first16= last17= first17= last18= first18= last19= first19= last20= first20= last21= first21= last22= first22= last23= first23= last24= first24= last25= first25= last26= first26= last27= first27= last28= first28= last29= first29= last30= first30= last31= first31=	cat = Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Cite journal	errNS = 0	template = Vorlage:Cite journal	format = @@@	preview = 1 }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: \| Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review Letters	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung2{{#ifexpr: 0{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:Cohen, Andrew G.; Glashow, Sheldon L.\|^^\|\|+1}}{{#ifeq:^^\|^^\|\|+1}} > 1	Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}</ref>\|\|2011\|\|100 TeV\|\| <math> <1{,}7\times10^{-11}</math>\|\|

Daneben könnten auch Geschwindigkeitsunterschiede zwischen verschiedenen Neutrinoarten auftreten. Ein Vergleich zwischen Myon- und Elektron-Neutrinos durch Sidney Coleman & Sheldon Lee Glashow (1998) ergab ein negatives Resultat, mit einer Obergrenze von <math><6\times10^{-22}</math>.<ref name="glas98" />

Kontroverse Messungen

LSND, MiniBooNE

2001 berichtete die LSND-Gruppe über einen 3.8σ Überschuss von Antineutrinowechselwirkungen bei Neutrino-Oszillationen, die dem Standardmodell widersprechen.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

       | {{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
               | Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot
               | Vorlage:Webarchiv/archiv-bot
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  }}{{#invoke:TemplatePar|check
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  }}Vorlage:Cite book/URL{{#if:  | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if:        | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung }}{{#if: Physical Review D
     || Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
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        | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
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     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
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     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
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    | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
  }}</ref> Erste Resultate des aktuelleren MiniBooNE-Experiments schienen dies zu widerlegen, da kein Überschuss ab Neutrinoenergien von 450 MeV gemessen wurde.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if: 
       | {{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
               | Vorlage:Toter Link/archivebot
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  }}{{#if: Vorlage:Cite book/ParamBool
     | Vorlage:Cite book/Meldung
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  }}</ref> Jedoch wurde 2008 ein Überschuss von elektron-artigen Neutrinoereignissen zwischen 200 und 475 MeV gemessen.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if: 
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Gelöst

2011 veröffentlichte die OPERA-Gruppe in einem arXiv-Vorabdruck Messungen von Neutrinos, die sich angeblich schneller als Licht bewegen (mit 6σ wurde eine hohe Signifikanz angegeben). Inzwischen wurde das Resultat von der OPERA-Gruppe jedoch auf Messfehler zurückgeführt, und ein mit der Lichtgeschwindigkeit übereinstimmendes Resultat vorgelegt. Für mehr Details siehe Messungen der Neutrinogeschwindigkeit.

MINOS berichtete 2010 über Resultate, wonach ein 40-%-Unterschied zwischen den Massen von Neutrinos und Antineutrinos bestünde. Dies würde der CPT- und Lorentz-Symmetrie widersprechen.<ref>{{#if:Vorlage:Cite book/URL|{{#iferror: {{#iferror:{{#invoke:Vorlage:FormatDate|Execute}}|Vorlage:FormatDate/Wartung/Error}}| |}}}}{{#if:{{#if:

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  }}</ref> 2012 wurde schließlich eine Arbeit veröffentlicht, in welcher der Unterschied und damit die Anomalie verschwunden war.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if: 
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2007 veröffentlichte die MAGIC-Gruppe eine Arbeit, laut der sie eine mögliche Energieabhängigkeit der Geschwindigkeit von Photonen von Markarjan 501 gemessen hätten. Sie fügten jedoch hinzu, dass energieabhängige Effekte während der Emission eine mögliche alternative Erklärung wäre.<ref name="magic" /><ref>George Musser (2007): Hints of a breakdown of relativity theory?, Scientific American, News Blog</ref> Dies wurde jedoch gegenstandslos durch neuere Messungen, insbesondere durch die Fermi-LAT-GBM-Gruppe, die bei weit größerer Genauigkeit und höheren Photonenenergien keinen Effekt feststellen konnten.<ref name="lat" /> Siehe Abschnitt Vakuumdispersion.

1997 behaupteten Nodland und Ralston, eine mit Doppelbrechung einhergehende Drehung der Polarisationsebene von Licht entfernter Radiogalaxien gemessen zu haben. Dies deute auf eine Anisotropie des Raumes hin.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

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Dies sorgte für Aufsehen in einigen Medien, jedoch erschienen daraufhin eine Reihe von Kritiken,<ref>J.P. Leahy: Is the Universe Screwy?</ref><ref>Ted Bunn: Is the Universe Birefringent?</ref> welche diese Interpretation zurückwiesen, und auf Fehler in der Auswertung hinwiesen.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:

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  }}</ref> Aktuellere Arbeiten konnten ebenso keinerlei Anzeichen eines solchen Effekts finden, siehe Abschnitt Vakuumdoppelbrechung.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Roberts, Schleif (2006); Relativity FAQ: What is the experimental basis of special relativity?
Kostelecký: Background information on Lorentz and CPT violation