Koumbi Saleh

{{#if: Archaeological site of Koumbi Saleh.jpg | {{#if: | {{#if: Hodh Ech Chargui | {{#if: Timbedra | {{#if: | {{#if: 256 | {{#if: 1483 | {{#if: 15084 | }} {{#if: 15084 | }} {{#if: | }} {{#if: {{#invoke:Expr|TemplateBooland}} | {{#if: | {{#if: | {{#if: | {{#if: | }} {{#if: | }} {{#if: | }} {{#if: | }} {{#if: | {{#if: | {{#if: | }} {{#if: | }} {{#if: |

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{{#if: | {{{NameLateinisch}}} | {{#if: | | {{#invoke:WLink|getArticleBase}} }} }}{{#if: كومبي صالح | {{#invoke:Vorlage:lang|fold}} }}
Datei:Archaeological site of Koumbi Saleh.jpg Plan der archäologischen Stätte Koumbi Saleh, Stand: Januar 2007 }}
{{#if: | Wappen [[Datei:|rahmenlos|100px|zentriert|Wappen]] }} {{#if: | Flagge [[Datei:|rahmenlos|rand|140px|zentriert|Flagge]] }} }}
Staat:	Mauretanien{{#ifeq:|#	[[{{{Ziel}}}]]|Mauretanien}}}}
Region:	{{#switch: Hodh Ech Chargui	Nouakchott = Nouakchott Nord	Adrar = Region Adrar	Assaba	Brakna	Dakhlet Nouadhibou	Gorgol	Guidimaka	Hodh Ech Chargui	Hodh El Gharbi	Inchiri	Nouakchott Ouest	Nouakchott Sud	Tagant	Tiris Zemmour	Trarza = Hodh Ech Chargui	#default = Hodh Ech Chargui }}
Departement:	{{#switch: Timbedra	Nouakchott = Nouakchott	Nouadhibou = Nouadhibou	Akjoujt = Akjoujt	#default = Timbedra }} }} }}
Gegründet:	}}
Koordinaten:	y|Simple|Complex}}|NS=15.756139|EW=-7.971444|type=city|region=MR{{#switch: Hodh Ech Chargui	Adrar = -07	Assaba = -03	Brakna = -05	Dakhlet Nouadhibou = -08	Gorgol = -04	Guidimaka = -10	Hodh Ech Chargui = -01	Hodh El Gharbi = -02	Inchiri = -12	Nouakchott =	Nouakchott Nord = -14	Nouakchott Ouest = -13	Nouakchott Sud = -15	Tagant = -09	Tiris Zemmour = -11	Trarza = -06	#default = }}|globe=|dim=|elevation=256|pop=15084|lw=|name={{#invoke:Coordinates/kml|kmlTitle|1=}}|article=/|text=DM|sortkey=|tooltip=|tooltipformat=|map=|mapsize=|maplevel=|maptype=|maplabel=|maplayer=|mapcaption=}}{{#if:|{{#switch:5	1 =	NS: {{{1}}}	}} {{#iferror:	EW:	}}{{#switch:0	6|14= }}	2 = {{#switch:0	6|14= }}	3 = {{#switch: {{{type}}}	state|adm1st|adm2nd|city|isle|airport|mountain|waterbody|forest|landmark=	example={{#if:		}}	kein Wert	falscher Wert ›{{{type}}}‹ }} in type-Parameter{{#switch:0	6|14= }} }} {{#if: {{{rg}}}			6	}} }} {{#iferror: {{{elevation}}}	{{{elevation}}}{{#switch:0	6|14= }}	}} {{#iferror: {{{pop}}}	{{{pop}}}{{#switch:0	6|14= }}	}}	6|14= }}	8 = {{#switch:0	6|14= }}	10= überflüssige Parameter	#default= }}}}
Höhe:	256 Meter ü.d.M. }}
Fläche:	1.483 km² }}
Einwohner:	(2023)}}
Metropolregion:	(2023)}}
Bevölkerungsdichte:	{{#expr: 015.084 / 1.483 round 0}} Einwohner je km² }}
Zeitzone:	GMT (UTC±0)
Telefonvorwahl:	(+222) }}
Postleitzahl:	}}
Kfz-Kennzeichen:	}}
Gemeindeart:
Gliederung:
Bürgermeister:	() }}
Postanschrift:	}}
Webpräsenz:	[1] }}
Schutzpatron:
Stadtfest:	}}
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|1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) ) -180 )/360 -.5 )round 0 )*360 -180 )}} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}} |{{#expr: (((0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) -180) -((((0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) -180)/360 -.5 )round 0 )*360 -180 )}} }}}} |EW: {{#if:{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|4}}{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}}{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}} |{{#switch:{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|4}} ||O|E|W={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#iferror:{{#ifexpr:{{#switch:N | R+ = abs | R- = -abs | Z = trunc | Z+ | N = abs trunc | Z- = -abs trunc}}(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) = (0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) {{#if: | round ({{{3}}}) }} | 1 }} }}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}|111 |{{#ifexpr: (0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}})>=60 or 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|1|4}}{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}}{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}} |{{#switch:{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|4}} ||O|E|W={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#iferror:{{#ifexpr:{{#switch:N | R+ = abs | R- = -abs | Z = trunc | Z+ | N = abs trunc | Z- = -abs trunc}}(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) = (0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) {{#if: | round ({{{3}}}) }} | 1 }} }}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}|111 |{{#ifexpr: (0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}})>=60 or (0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}})>=60 | |{{#expr: (({{#ifeq:{{#TITLEPARTS:-7.971444 |1|4}}|W|-}} ((0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) ) -180 ) -((({{#ifeq:{{#TITLEPARTS:-7.971444 |1|4}}|W|-}} ((0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) ) -180 )/360 -.5 )round 0 )*360 -180 )}} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}} |{{#expr: (((0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) -180) -((((0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) -180)/360 -.5 )round 0 )*360 -180 )}} }}}} }}{{#if:|, 3:}}{{#if:|, 4:}} {{#if:|usw.}} {{#if: | | }} |6={{#if:{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}}{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}} |{{#switch:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}} ||N|S={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}|expr=1|set=N}}|1}}|111 |{{#ifexpr: (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})>=60 or (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})>=60 | |{{#ifeq:S|{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}}|- }}{{#ifexpr:( (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})/60 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|{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}) }} }} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}} |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})>90|90 |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})<-90|-90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})}} }} }} }} }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}}{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}} |{{#switch:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}} ||N|S={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}|expr=1|set=N}}|1}}|111 |{{#ifexpr: (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})>=60 or (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})>=60 | |{{#ifeq:S|{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}}|- }}{{#ifexpr:( (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})/60 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(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}) )>90 |90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}) }} }} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}} |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})>90|90 |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})<-90|-90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})}} }} }} }} }} |}} {{#iferror:{{#if:{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|4}}{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}}{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}} |{{#switch:{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|4}} ||O|E|W={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#iferror:{{#ifexpr:{{#switch:N | R+ = abs | R- = -abs | Z = trunc | Z+ | N = abs trunc | Z- = -abs trunc}}(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) = (0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) {{#if: | round ({{{3}}}) }} | 1 }} }}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}|111 |{{#ifexpr: (0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}})>=60 or (0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}})>=60 | |{{#expr: (({{#ifeq:{{#TITLEPARTS:-7.971444 |1|4}}|W|-}} ((0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) ) -180 ) -((({{#ifeq:{{#TITLEPARTS:-7.971444 |1|4}}|W|-}} ((0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) ) -180 )/360 -.5 )round 0 )*360 -180 )}} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}} |{{#expr: (((0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) -180) -((((0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) -180)/360 -.5 )round 0 )*360 -180 )}} }}}} |EW: {{#if:{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|4}}{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}}{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}} |{{#switch:{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|4}} ||O|E|W={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#iferror:{{#ifexpr:{{#switch:N | R+ = abs | R- = -abs | Z = trunc | Z+ | N = abs trunc | Z- = -abs trunc}}(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) = (0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) {{#if: | round ({{{3}}}) }} | 1 }} }}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}|111 |{{#ifexpr: (0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}})>=60 or (0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}})>=60 | |{{#expr: (({{#ifeq:{{#TITLEPARTS:-7.971444 |1|4}}|W|-}} ((0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) ) -180 ) -((({{#ifeq:{{#TITLEPARTS:-7.971444 |1|4}}|W|-}} ((0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) ) -180 )/360 -.5 )round 0 )*360 -180 )}} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}} |{{#expr: (((0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) -180) -((((0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) -180)/360 -.5 )round 0 )*360 -180 )}} }}}} |}} {{#if: | | }} |2={{#if: | | }} |3= ||N|S={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}|expr=1|set=N}}|1}}|111 |{{#ifexpr: (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})>=60 or (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})>=60 | |{{#ifeq:S|{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}}|- }}{{#ifexpr:( (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}) )>90 |90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}) }} }} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}} |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})>90|90 |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})<-90|-90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})}} }} }} }} }} |falscher Wert ›{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}}{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}} |{{#switch:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}} ||N|S={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}|expr=1|set=N}}|1}}|111 |{{#ifexpr: (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})>=60 or (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})>=60 | |{{#ifeq:S|{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}}|- }}{{#ifexpr:( (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}) )>90 |90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}) }} }} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}} |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})>90|90 |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})<-90|-90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})}} }} }} }} }} ‹|kein Wert}} in type-Parameter {{#if: | | }} |5= ||N|S={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}|expr=1|set=N}}|1}}|111 |{{#ifexpr: (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})>=60 or (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})>=60 | |{{#ifeq:S|{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}}|- }}{{#ifexpr:( (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}) )>90 |90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}) }} }} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}} |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})>90|90 |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})<-90|-90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})}} }} }} }} }} {{#if:{{#if:{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|4}}{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}}{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}} |{{#switch:{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|4}} ||O|E|W={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#iferror:{{#ifexpr:{{#switch:N | R+ = abs | R- = -abs | Z = trunc | Z+ | N = abs trunc | Z- = -abs trunc}}(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) = (0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) {{#if: | round ({{{3}}}) }} | 1 }} }}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}|111 |{{#ifexpr: (0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}})>=60 or (0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}})>=60 | |{{#expr: (({{#ifeq:{{#TITLEPARTS:-7.971444 |1|4}}|W|-}} ((0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) ) -180 ) -((({{#ifeq:{{#TITLEPARTS:-7.971444 |1|4}}|W|-}} ((0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) ) -180 )/360 -.5 )round 0 )*360 -180 )}} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}} |{{#expr: (((0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) -180) -((((0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) -180)/360 -.5 )round 0 )*360 -180 )}} }}}} |, 2:{{#if:{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|4}}{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}}{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}} |{{#switch:{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|4}} ||O|E|W={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#iferror:{{#ifexpr:{{#switch:N | R+ = abs | R- = -abs | Z = trunc | Z+ | N = abs trunc | Z- = -abs trunc}}(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) = (0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) {{#if: | round ({{{3}}}) }} | 1 }} }}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}|111 |{{#ifexpr: (0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}})>=60 or (0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}})>=60 | |{{#expr: (({{#ifeq:{{#TITLEPARTS:-7.971444 |1|4}}|W|-}} ((0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) ) -180 ) -((({{#ifeq:{{#TITLEPARTS:-7.971444 |1|4}}|W|-}} ((0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) ) -180 )/360 -.5 )round 0 )*360 -180 )}} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}} |{{#expr: (((0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) -180) -((((0{{#titleparts:-7.971444 |1}}) -180)/360 -.5 )round 0 )*360 -180 )}} }}}} }}{{#if:|, 3:}}{{#if:|, 4:}} {{#if:|usw.}} {{#if: | | }} |6={{#if:{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}}{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}} |{{#switch:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}} ||N|S={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}|expr=1|set=N}}|1}}|111 |{{#ifexpr: (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})>=60 or (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})>=60 | |{{#ifeq:S|{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}}|- }}{{#ifexpr:( (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}) )>90 |90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}) }} }} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}} |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})>90|90 |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})<-90|-90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})}} }} }} }} }} || |{{#switch:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}} ||N|S={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}|expr=1|set=N}}|1}}|111 |{{#ifexpr: (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})>=60 or (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})>=60 | |{{#ifeq:S|{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}}|- }}{{#ifexpr:( (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}) )>90 |90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}) }} }} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}} |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})>90|90 |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})<-90|-90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})}} }} }} }} }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}}{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}} |{{#switch:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}} ||N|S={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}|expr=1|set=N}}|1}}|111 |{{#ifexpr: (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})>=60 or (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})>=60 | |{{#ifeq:S|{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}}|- }}{{#ifexpr:( (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}) )>90 |90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}) }} }} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}} |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})>90|90 |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})<-90|-90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})}} }} }} }} }}  :}} region-Parameter fehlt6 {{#if:{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}}{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}} |{{#switch:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}} ||N|S={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}|expr=1|set=N}}|1}}|111 |{{#ifexpr: (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})>=60 or (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})>=60 | |{{#ifeq:S|{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}}|- }}{{#ifexpr:( (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}) )>90 |90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}) }} }} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}} |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})>90|90 |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})<-90|-90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})}} }} }} }} }} |in Positionskarte.}} }}{{#if: | | }} |7={{#if:{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}}{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}} |{{#switch:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}} ||N|S={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}|expr=1|set=N}}|1}}|111 |{{#ifexpr: (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})>=60 or (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})>=60 | |{{#ifeq:S|{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}}|- }}{{#ifexpr:( (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}) )>90 |90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}) }} }} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}} |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})>90|90 |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})<-90|-90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})}} }} }} }} }} |{{#if: | | }} |{{#if: | |7 }} }} |8={{#if: | | }} |9={{#if:{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}}{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}} |{{#switch:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}} ||N|S={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}|expr=1|set=N}}|1}}|111 |{{#ifexpr: (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})>=60 or (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})>=60 | |{{#ifeq:S|{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|4}}|- }}{{#ifexpr:( (0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}) )>90 |90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}}) }} }} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}} |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})>90|90 |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:15.756139 |1}})<-90|-90 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}} {{#if: | |}} |} Koumbi Saleh (arabisch{{#if:كومبي صالح | {{#invoke:Vorlage:lang|fold}}{{#if:| {{#invoke:Vorlage:lang|flat}}}}{{#if:Kūmbī Ṣāliḥ|, DMG {{#invoke:Vorlage:lang|flat}}}}{{#if:| {{#if:|[}}{{#if:

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|all= 1= |opt= 2= Tondatei= |template=Vorlage:IPA |errNS= 0 |cat=Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:IPA |format= }}}}{{#if:| ‚‘}}{{#invoke:TemplatePar|check |template=Vorlage:ar |cat=Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:Ar |format= |all=1= |opt=2= w= DMG= d= IPA= de= b=}}}}{{#invoke:TemplatePar|check |template=Vorlage:arS |cat=Wikipedia:Vorlagenfehler/Vorlage:ArS |format= |all= |opt=1= 2= w= DMG= d= IPA= de= b=}}; auch Kumbi Saleh) ist eine Gemeinde im Département Timbedra der Verwaltungsregion Hodh Ech Chargui und liegt im Südosten Mauretaniens. Hier lag höchstwahrscheinlich die Hauptstadt des mittelalterlichen westafrikanischen Reiches von Ghana.

Geographische Lage

Der Hauptort der Gemeinde Koumbi Saleh liegt 889 Kilometer südöstlich von Nouakchott auf etwa {{#ifeq: Vorlage:Höhe/Fmt|Expression error: Unrecognised punctuation character "."|Vorlage:Höhe/Fehler in Parameterliste|}}{{#if: 256

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}} Meereshöhe am Südrand des Beckens El Hodh, das einen großen Teil des Südostens von Mauretanien einnimmt.<ref>Koumbi Saleh bei Geonames</ref> Die Grenze zwischen Mali und Mauretanien ist im Süden etwa 28 Kilometer entfernt.

Rund 1000 Meter nördlich des Hauptortes liegt der archäologische Siedlungshügel aus der Zeit des Reiches von Ghana ({{Coordinate{{#ifeq:|y|Simple|Complex}}|NS=15.76549|EW=-7.96869|type=landmark|region=MR-01|globe=|dim=10000|elevation=|pop=|lw=|name={{#invoke:Coordinates/kml|kmlTitle|1=archäologischer Fundplatz}}|article=|text=DMS|sortkey=|tooltip=|tooltipformat=|map=|mapsize=|maplevel=|maptype=|maplabel=|maplayer=|mapcaption=}}{{#if:|{{#switch:5

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Bevölkerung

Die Bevölkerungszahl der Gemeinde hat in den Jahren 2000 bis 2023 von 9.346 auf 15.084 Einwohner zugenommen.<ref name='cpop'>Citypopulation: Mauretanien: Gemeindegliederung</ref> Der Hauptort Koumbi Saleh selbst hat 1.725 Einwohner (2023). Daneben gibt es noch 59 andere bewohnte Orte.<ref>ANSADE: Localités habitées en Mauritanie (RGPH 2023)</ref>

Geschichte

Datei:NouakchottNationalMuseum2.jpg

Epigraphische Schieferplatte aus Koumbi Saleh im Nationalmuseum von Mauretanien

Ein Reich von Ghana wird erstmals um 800 in arabischen Quellen erwähnt. Die zwei Chroniken aus Timbuktu, die mündliche Überlieferungen aus dem 17. Jahrhundert wiedergeben, erwähnen die Hauptstadt von Ghana unter zwei unterschiedlichen Namen: madīnat Ghāna „Stadt Ghana“ (Ta'rikh al-Sudan) und Qunbi (Ta'rikh al-Fattash). Von arabischen Geographen wie al-Bakrī wird die Ghana-Hauptstadt unterschiedlich beschrieben, es ist daher auch vorstellbar, dass sie im Lauf der Zeit an verschiedenen Orten zwischen der Südostregion des heutigen Mauretanien und dem Gebiet von Timbuktu in Tendirma lag.

Im 11. Jahrhundert soll sie laut Schätzungen von Raymond Mauny 20.000 Einwohner beherbergt haben.<ref>Raymond Mauny: Tableau géographique de l’ouest africain au Moyen-Âge d’après les sources écrites, la tradition et l’archéologie. S. 482.</ref> Eingeteilt in zwei große Stadtviertel war das Nordviertel mit zwölf Moscheen hauptsächlich von den muslimischen Händlern aus Nordafrika bewohnt. Hier lag das Handelszentrum der Stadt, während im südlichen bisher unentdeckten Teil, bekannt als al-ghāba („der Wald“), der königliche Palast gelegen haben soll. Zwischen den beiden zehn Kilometer entfernten Stadtvierteln erstreckten sich Wohnviertel.<ref>Nehemia Levtzion, J. F. P. Hopkins: Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History S. 79–80.</ref>

Im frühen 13. Jahrhundert soll der König Soumaoro Kanté Sosso der Region Tekrur die Stadt als Basis für seine Armee benutzt haben. Die Stadt wurde später verlassen. Ab 1914 fanden mehrere Ausgrabungskampagnen unter französischer Leitung statt.

Verkehr

Koumbi Saleh liegt abseits des Netzes der Fernstraßen in Mauretanien. Von dem 58 Kilometer entfernten Timbedra zweigen unbefestigte Staubpisten von der als Route de l’Espoir bekannten N3 nach Süden ab. Nur so ist der Hauptort mit Fahrzeugen erreichbar.

Literatur

• Sophie Berthier: Recherches archéologiques sur la capitale de l’empire de Ghana. Etude d’un secteur, d’habitat à Koumbi Saleh, Mauritanie. Campagnes II–III–IV–V (1975–1976), (1980–1981) (= Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology. 41 = BAR. International Series. 680). Archaeopress, Oxford 1997, ISBN 0-86054-868-6.
• Nehemia Levtzion, J. F. P. Hopkins (Hrsg.): Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History (= Fontes historiae Africanae. Series Arabica. 4). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge u. a. 1981, ISBN 0-521-22422-5.
• Raymond Mauny: Tableau géographique de l’ouest africain au Moyen-Âge d’après les sources écrites, la tradition et l’archéologie (= Mémoires de l’Institut français d’Afrique noire. 61, {{#if: {{#if: | {{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|{{{suffix}}}}} }}

 | {{#if:trim|974092-2}}. In: Zeitschriftendatenbank (ZDB).
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}}{{#if: {{#invoke:TemplUtl|faculty|}} | | {{#if: {{#invoke:URIutil|isDNBvalid|974092-2|ZDB}} | | {{#ifeq: 0 | 0 | }}}}}}). IFAN, Dakar 1961.

• Raymond Mauny, Paul Thomassey: Campagne de fouilles à Koumbi Saleh. In: Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire. Bd. 13, Nr. 2, 1951, S. 438–462.

Einzelnachweise

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