Expensive Tissue Hypothesis
Die Expensive Tissue Hypothesis (deutsch etwa: Hypothese des teuren Gewebes) ist ein Erklärungsansatz aus der Paläoanthropologie, Anthropologie und Evolutionsbiologie. Sie wird den Forschern Leslie Aiello und Peter Wheeler (1995)<ref name="exp" /> zugeschrieben und besagt, dass sich im Laufe der Entwicklung des menschlichen Gehirns anderes Gewebe zurückbilden musste, um eben diese Entwicklung des Menschen zu ermöglichen. Die These wurde vergleichsweise schnell aufgegriffen und in der populärwissenschaftlichen Literatur oft verkürzt als die Ansicht wiedergegeben, dass dem Kochen oder dem Fleischkonsum eine bedeutende Rolle in der Stammesgeschichte des Menschen zukam.<ref>Siehe z. B. {{#if: | [[{{{authorlink}}}|Vorlage:Cite book/Name]] | Vorlage:Cite book/Name
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}}</ref> Auch die Paläodiät, die den Menschen das Verzehren von großen Mengen Fleisch zuschreibt, erlebte eine kurze Renaissance und verwendete die These als ihren argumentativen Unterbau.<ref>Siehe z. B. „thepaleodiet.com“ oder „urgeschmack.de“</ref>
Der Anteil des Gehirns des Menschen an der Körpermasse ist im Vergleich zu anderen Taxa relativ groß (→ Enzephalisationsquotient). Außerdem setzt das Gehirn, verglichen mit anderem Gewebe, relativ viel Energie um. Man sagt daher, dass es ‚teures Gewebe‘ sei. Weil laut Kleibers Gesetz der energetische Grundumsatz eines Organismus durch die Körpermasse nach oben hin beschränkt ist, haben Aiello und Wheeler vermutet, dass im Laufe der Evolution des Menschen ein Abtausch stattgefunden habe zwischen der weiteren Ausbildung des Gehirns und einem anderen ‚teuren‘ Gewebe. In einer Betrachtung verschiedener Möglichkeiten entwickelten sie dann die Ansicht, dass das Gewebe des Verdauungsapparats am ehesten für diesen Abtausch in Frage komme.<ref name="exp">{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:
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Obwohl die empirische Grundlage für ihre intuitive Erklärung von Anfang an eher dünn war,<ref name="in def" /> wurde sie vergleichsweise schnell relativ breit akzeptiert.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:
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Ein Forscherteam der Universität Zürich veröffentlichte 2011 in Nature die bisher (Stand März 2012) umfangreichste Studie zur These.<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:
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}}</ref> Sie untersuchten darin 100 Arten, darunter 24 Primatenarten, und verwarfen die These in der Folge. Ein Abtausch zwischen Hirngewebe und anderen Geweben, wie ihn die Hypothese vorhersagt, findet in der Praxis nicht statt. Sie schlagen stattdessen vor, dass die Entwicklung des Hirns überwiegend durch den Vorteil, bessere Entscheidungen in komplexeren Situationen treffen zu können, ermöglicht worden sei (sog. Cognitive Buffer Hypothesis<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}{{#if:
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}}</ref>). Die Fähigkeit, Fettgewebe anzulegen und zu verwerten, in Kombination mit dem aufrechten Gang, war außerdem eine effiziente Strategie gegen Perioden der Nahrungsknappheit.
Literatur
- Wil Roebroeks: Guts and brains an integrative approach to the hominin record, Leiden University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-90-485-0805-1
Belege
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