Beacon Hill (Boston)

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{{#if:Beacon Hill Historic District|Beacon Hill Historic District|Beacon Hill (Boston)}}
National Register of Historic Places
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color:#202122;" | {{#ifeq:text|color	{{#switch:	nrhp = #A8EDEF	nhl = SkyBlue	formernhld	formerhd	formernmon	formernhs	formernmem	formernhp	formernb	formernmp	formernbp	formernbs	formernhr	formerihs	formercp	formernhl = #DDD	nhld = #79CDCD	hd = Lavender	nmon = PapayaWhip	nhs = CadetBlue	nmem = #CCC	nhp = #CCF	nb = #FFE6B0	nmp = DarkSalmon	nbp = #E6E6AA	nbs = #FFE8E8	nhr = LightSalmon	ihs = #FFE153	cp = #CCFFCC	#default = White }} }}{{#ifeq:text|text	{{#switch:	nrhp = National Register of Historic Places	nhl = National Historic Landmark	formernhl = Ehemalige National Historic Landmark	nhld = National Historic Landmark District	formernhld = Ehemaliger National Historic Landmark District	hd = Historic District	formerhd = Ehemaliger Historic District	nmon = National Monument	formernmon = Ehemaliges National Monument	nhs = National Historic Site	formernhs = Ehemalige National Historic Site	nmem = National Memorial	formernmem = Ehemaliges National Memorial	nhp = National Historical Park	formernhp = Ehemaliger National Historical Park	nb = National Battlefield	formernb = Ehemaliges National Battlefield	nmp = National Military Park	formernmp = Ehemaliger National Military Park	nbp = National Battlefield Park	formernbp = Ehemaliger National Battlefield Park	nbs = National Battlefield Site	formernbs = Ehemalige National Battlefield Site	nhr = National Historic Reserve	formernhr = Ehemalige National Historic Reserve	ihs = International Historic Site	formerihs = Ehemalige International Historic Site	cp = Historic District Contributing Property	formercp = Ehemaliges Historic District Contributing Property	#default = }} }}{{#ifeq:text|link	{{#switch:	nrhp = National Register of Historic Places	formernhl	nhl	formernhld	nhld = National Historic Landmark	formerhd	hd = Historic District (Vereinigte Staaten)	formernmon	nmon = National Monument	formernhs	nhs = National Historic Site	formernmem	nmem = National Memorial	formernhp	nhp = National Historical Park	formernb	nb = National Battlefield	formernmp	nmp = National Military Park	formernbp	nbp = National Battlefield Park	formernbs	nbs = National Battlefield Site	formernhr	nhr = National Historic Reserve	formerihs	ihs = International Historic Site	formercp	cp = Contributing Property	#default = }} }}{{#ifeq:text|abbr	{{#switch:	formernhl = NHL	formernhld = NHLD	formerhd = HD	formernmon = NMON	formernhs = NHS	formernmem = NMEM	formernhp = NHP	formernb = NB	formernmp = NMP	formernbp = NBP	formernbs = NBS	formernhr = NHR	formerihs = IHS	formercp = CP	#default = }} }} }} {{#if: 1800 beacon hill.jpg|
f}}</ref> f}}</ref> {{#if: Abtragung des Beacon Hill im Jahr 1811. Blick von Norden auf das Massachusetts State House<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}</ref>|Abtragung des Beacon Hill im Jahr 1811. Blick von Norden auf das Massachusetts State House<ref>{{#invoke:Vorlage:Literatur|f}}</ref> }} }}
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|{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:42.3583 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:42.3583 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:42.3583 |1}}) }} }} }} | }} |#default= }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:42.3583 |1}} |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:42.3583 |1}})>90|90 |{{#ifexpr:(0{{#titleparts:42.3583 |1}})<-90|-90 |{{#expr:(0{{#titleparts:42.3583 |1}})}} }} }} }} }} |{{#if:{{#titleparts:42.3583 |1|4}}{{#titleparts:42.3583 |1|3}}{{#titleparts:42.3583 |1|2}} |{{#switch:{{#titleparts:42.3583 |1|4}} ||N|S={{#ifeq: {{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:42.3583 |1|3}}|expr=1|set=R+}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:42.3583 |1|2}}|expr=1|set={{#if:{{#titleparts:42.3583 |1|3}}|N|R+}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{#invoke:Expr|figure|0{{#titleparts:42.3583 |1}}|expr=1|set=N}}|1}}|111 |{{#ifexpr: (0{{#titleparts:42.3583 |1|2}})>=60 or (0{{#titleparts:42.3583 |1|3}})>=60 | |{{#ifeq:S|{{#titleparts:42.3583 |1|4}}|- }}{{#ifexpr:( (0{{#titleparts:42.3583 |1|3}})/3600 +(0{{#titleparts:42.3583 |1|2}})/60 +(0{{#titleparts:42.3583 |1}}) )>90 |90 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}}

}} |- | Lage | Boston, Massachusetts |- {{#if:||

  | style="vertical-align:top" | Koordinaten
  | {{Coordinate{{#ifeq:|y|Simple|Complex}}|NS=42.3583|EW=-71.0661|type=building|region=US-MA|globe=|dim=|elevation=|pop=|lw=|name={{#invoke:Coordinates/kml|kmlTitle|1=Beacon Hill Historic District}}|article={{#if:||/}}|text=/|sortkey=|tooltip=|tooltipformat=|map=|mapsize=|maplevel=|maptype=|maplabel=|maplayer=|mapcaption=}}{{#if:|{{#switch:5
|1 = 
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|3  = {{#switch: {{{type}}}
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  | 
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|5 = 
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}}
|10= überflüssige Parameter
|#default=

}}}} }} |- {{#if: | | Fläche || }} |- {{#if:1795 | | Erbaut || 1795 }} |- {{#if:Charles Bulfinch | | Architekt || Charles Bulfinch }} |- {{#if:Colonial Revival, Greek Revival, Federal Style | | Baustil || Colonial Revival, Greek Revival, Federal Style }} |- {{#if: | | Besucherzahl || {{#if: | () }} }} |- {{#if:66000130 | | NRHP-Nummer || 66000130{{#if:||}}}} {{#if:19. Dezember 1962<ref name="NH">Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State: Massachusetts. National Park Service, abgerufen am 5. August 2019.</ref>| |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#A8EDEF; color:#202122;" | Daten }} |- | Ins NRHP aufgenommen | 15. Oktober 1966<ref>Eintrag Beacon Hill Historic District im National Register Information System. National Park Service, abgerufen am 21. Juni 2016</ref> |- {{#if: | | Als NRHP entfernt || {{{Entfernt}}} }} |- {{#if:19. Dezember 1962<ref name="NH">Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State: Massachusetts. National Park Service, abgerufen am 5. August 2019.</ref> | | Als [[{{#ifeq:link|color

|{{#switch:nhld
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 |formernhld
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}}{{#ifeq:link|text

|{{#switch:nhld
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}}{{#ifeq:link|link

|{{#switch:nhld
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}}{{#ifeq:link|abbr

|{{#switch:nhld
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}}|{{#ifeq:abbr|color

|{{#switch:nhld
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 |nbp         = #E6E6AA
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}}

}}{{#ifeq:abbr|text

|{{#switch:nhld
 |nrhp        = National Register of Historic Places
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}}{{#ifeq:abbr|link

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}}{{#ifeq:abbr|abbr

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}}]] deklariert || 19. Dezember 1962<ref name="NH">Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State: Massachusetts. National Park Service, abgerufen am 5. August 2019.</ref> }} |- {{#if: | | Als [[{{#ifeq:link|color

|{{#switch:
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}}{{#ifeq:link|text

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}}{{#ifeq:abbr|text

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}}{{#ifeq:abbr|abbr

|{{#switch:
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}}]] deklariert || }} |}

Datei:2884596699 BeaconHill 18thc.jpg

Beacon Hill im späten 18. Jahrhundert, aus einer Perspektive vom Breed’s Hill in Charlestown.

Datei:Beacon Hill, Boston.jpg

Beacon Hill vom Charles River aus gesehen (mit dem Financial District im Hintergrund).

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Der Stadtteil liegt nördlich des Boston Common und des Boston Public Garden. Er wird grob durch die Beacon Street im Süden, die Somerset Street im Osten, die Cambridge Street im Norden und den Storrow Drive entlang des Charles River im Westen begrenzt. Hinzu gerechnet wird der Block zwischen der Beacon Street, Tremont Street und Park Street, in dem der Boston Common liegt. Der Bereich westlich der Charles Street wird von den Einwohnern als {{

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Weil sich das Massachusetts State House an einer hervorgehobenen Position auf der Spitze des Hügels befindet, wird der Ausdruck Beacon Hill von den lokalen Medien häufig auch als Metonym für die staatliche Regierung oder auch Gesetzgebung verwendet.

Geschichte

Datei:2nd Harrison Gray Otis House.jpg

Das zweite Haus Harrison Gray Otis House, 85 Mount Vernon Street.

Wie viele gleichnamige Orte in den USA wurde der Stadtteil nach einem Leuchtfeuer (engl. {{

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}}) benannt, das früher auf der Spitze des Hügels und damit auf dem höchsten Punkt im Bostoner Zentrum stand. Es befand sich direkt hinter dem heutigen Massachusetts State House, wo heute ein Denkmal daran erinnert. Der Hügel selbst wurde gemeinsam mit den in der Nähe gelegenen Hügeln Pemberton Hill und Mount Vernon erheblich in der Höhe reduziert, um den Hausbau in der Gegend zu vereinfachen und mit dem gewonnenen Material den nordöstlich gelegenen Mill Pond aufzufüllen, um weiteres Bauland gewinnen zu können.

Der gesamte Hügel war von 1625 bis 1635 das Eigentum des ersten europäischen Siedlers in Boston namens William Blaxton, der das Gebiet schließlich an die Puritaner verkaufte. Der südliche Hang des Beacon Hill mit Ausrichtung zum Boston Common war im 19. Jahrhundert die begehrteste Seite, der nördliche Hang war als Black Beacon Hill bekannt. Viele bekannte Afroamerikaner wie Frederick Douglas, Harriet Tubman, David Walker und Sojourner Truth hielten Reden im African Meeting House an der Joy Street. Die Gegend um den Beacon Hill war in der Zeit vor dem Sezessionskrieg eines der wichtigsten und stabilsten Zentren des Abolitionismus.

Die dort ebenfalls eine Zeit lang lebende Rebecca Lee Crumpler war die erste afroamerikanische Frau, die einen Hochschulabschluss in Medizin in den Vereinigten Staaten erhielt. Im Jahr 1860 wurde sie am New England Female Medical College aufgenommen, das später in das Boston College eingegliedert wurde, und machte ihren Abschluss als M.D. Ihre 1883 veröffentlichte Schrift {{

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Die Nordseite des Hügels war bis in das 20. Jahrhundert hinein eine Gegend, in der vorwiegend Afroamerikaner mit sehr geringem oder gar keinem Einkommen wohnten und in dem die Prostitution blühte. Daher lebten die ärmsten Immigranten zunächst ebenfalls dort, zumeist Juden aus Irland, Italien und Osteuropa. Erst ein groß angelegtes Stadterneuerungsprojekt in den 1950er Jahren schränkte den Rotlichtbezirk am Scollay Square ein.

1937 erschien der Roman The Late George Apley, der den Pulitzer-Preis gewann und satirisch das Leben der wohlhabenden Weißen auf dem Beacon Hill beschrieb.

Beacon Hill wurde am 19. Dezember 1962 als National Historic Landmark in das National Register of Historic Places aufgenommen.

Kultur und Sehenswürdigkeiten

Datei:The Beacon Monument, Beacon Hill, Boston, Massachusetts.JPG

Dieses Denkmal auf der Rückseite des State House markiert den Standort der ursprünglichen Befeuerung.

Museen

• African Meeting House – Museum für Afroamerikanische Geschichte.
• Nichols House Museum – historisches Gebäude aus dem Jahr 1804, Rose Standish Nichols gewidmet.

Bauwerke

• Bull and Finch Bar (Beacon Street) – Inspirationsquelle und Außendrehort der TV-Serie Cheers.
• Charles Street Meeting House
• Club of Odd Volumes (Mount Vernon Street) – Club für bibliophile, Bibliothek und Archiv.
• Louisburg Square
• Massachusetts State House (Beacon Street) – Sitz der Staatsregierung und des Parlaments
• Suffolk University
• Suffolk University Law School
• Sitz der Boston Bar Association
• Harrison Gray Otis House – drei im 18. Jahrhundert für Otis gebaute Häuser. Heute auch Sitz der Historic New England.
• Wohnhaus von Francis Parkman
• Robert-Gould-Shaw-Denkmal – Ecke Beacon und Park Street, gegenüber dem Massachusetts State House.
• Vilna Shul – 1919 errichtete Synagoge
• Hauptsitz der Unitarian Universalist Association – direkt neben dem Massachusetts State House

Parks

• Boston Common

Regelmäßige Veranstaltungen

• An die Geschichte Make Way for Ducklings von Robert McCloskey wird mit einem jährlichen Umzug im Mai durch Beacon Hill bis zum Boston Public Garden erinnert.

Persönlichkeiten

Datei:Louisburg Square Beacon Hill Boston Massachusetts.jpg

Häuser am Louisburg Square

In Beacon Hill lebten und leben viele bekannte Persönlichkeiten darunter:

• Louisa May Alcott, 10 Louisburg Square
• John Albion Andrew
• William Blaxton, ursprünglicher Eigentümer des Beacon Hill
• Edwin Booth, 29A Chestnut Street
• Charles Bulfinch
• John Cheever
• John Singleton Copley
• Michael Crichton
• Robert Frost, 88 Mount Vernon St., 1941
• John Hancock
• Teresa Heinz
• Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.
• Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
• Julia Ward Howe
• Abigail Johnson
• Edward M. Kennedy
• John Kerry
• Henry Cabot Lodge senior
• James Russell Lowell
• Robert Lowell
• Sylvia Plath
• William Prescott
• David Lee Roth
• George Santayana, 302 Beacon Street
• Anne Sexton
• Robert Gould Shaw
• Carly Simon
• Charles Sumner
• Uma Thurman
• Daniel Webster
• Jack Welch

Ausgewählte Sehenswürdigkeiten in Beacon Hill

Datei:Boston Bar Association facade.jpg

Das Chester Harding House, ein National Historic Landmark, das von 1826 bis 1830 vom Porträtmaler Chester Harding bewohnt wurde und heute die Boston Bar Association beherbergt.

Straße	Hausnr.	Beschreibung
Beacon Street	1	One Beacon Street – Ein eponymes Bürohochhaus an der Ecke zur Tremont Street. Es steht auf Platz 14 der Liste der höchsten Gebäude in Boston.
	8	Wohnhaus der Osgood-Familie aus dem späten 19. / frühen 20. Jahrhundert
	10½	Boston Athenæum
	16	Ehemaliges Wohnhaus des Malers Chester Harding, heute Sitz der Boston Bar Association
	22	Das Amory-Ticknor House wurde 1804 von Charles Bulfinch gebaut. Heute befindet sich dort ein Fernsehstudio der Fox News.
	25	Hauptsitz der Unitarian Universalist Association
	42–43	Der Maler John Singleton Copley besaß hier ein Haus, ebenso wie David Sears II, wo sich heute der Somerset Club befindet.
	45	Das dritte Haus von Harrison Gray Otis, heute Sitz der American Meteorological Society
	55	Das William H. Prescott House
84	Cheers Beacon Hill – früher bekannt als Bull & Finch Pub, durch den die TV-Serie Cheers inspiriert wurde.
Bowdoin Street	122	Registrierte Adresse von John F. Kennedy
Brimmer Street	44	Registrierte Adresse von Samuel Eliot Morison
Cambridge Street	Massachusetts General Hospital
	131	Old West Church
	141	Das erste Haus von Harrison Gray Otis, gebaut von Charles Bulfinch.
Charles Street	44A	Hier wurde Mary Sullivan, das letzte Opfer des Boston Strangler, ermordet.
Chestnut Street	6	Beacon Hill Friends House
	13–17	Von Charles Bulfinch für Hepzibah Swan entworfene Reihenhäuser
	18	Geburtshaus des Dichters Robert Lowell
	50	Wohnhaus von Francis Parkman
	57A	Sitz der Harvard Musical Association
Grove Street	28	Wohnhaus von Reverend Leonard A. Grimes, eines bekannten Pfarrers mit Verbindungen zur Underground Railroad und zur Bewegung der Abolitionisten. Er war einer der Männer, die die Freiheit von Anthony Burns nach seiner Verhaftung erkauften.
Irving Street	58	Geburtshaus von Charles Sumner
Joy Street	46	African Meeting House
	67	Wohnhaus von Rebecca Lee Crumpler, die als erste schwarze Frau einen Hochschulabschluss in Medizin in den USA erhielt.
Louisburg Square	4	Wohnhaus von William Dean Howells zu seiner Zeit beim Atlantic Monthly
	10	Wohnhaus von Bronson Alcott, Louisa May Alcott und Familie
	19	Wohnhaus von John Kerry und Teresa Heinz Kerry
	20	Hier heiratete die Sängerin Jenny Lind den Dirigenten Otto Goldschmidt.
Mount Vernon Street	32	Wohnhaus von Samuel Gridley Howe und seiner Frau Julia Ward Howe
	41	Sitz von Beacon Press, einer Abteilung der Unitarian Universalist Association, die 1971 die von Mike Gravel edierten Pentagon Papiere veröffentlichte.
	76	Wohnhaus von Margaret Deland
	77	Wohnhaus von Sarah Wyman Whitman und später das Clubhaus des Club of Odd Volumes.
	85	Das zweite Haus von Harrison Gray Otis, gebaut von Charles Bulfinch.
	127	Ehemaliges Feuerwehrhaus des Boston Fire Department und Drehort von Spenser sowie The Real World: Boston.
Myrtle Street	109	Wohnhaus von Lysander Spooner
Phillips Street	18	Standort der Synagoge Vilna Shul
	83	Wohnhaus des bekannten schwarzen Zahnarztes, Anwalts und Abolitionisten John Sweat Rock
Pinckney Street	15	Ein Kindergarten von Elizabeth Peabody

Siehe auch

• Liste der Einträge im National Register of Historic Places im nördlichen Boston
• Liste der National Historic Landmarks in Boston

Literatur

• Joy Street Frances Parkinson Keyes, 1950.
• Beacon Hill: A Walking Tour, A. McVoy McIntyre, 1975. ISBN 0-316-55600-9
• The Mount Vernon Street Warrens, Martin Green, Simon & Schuster, 1989, ISBN 0-684-19109-1
• Beacon Hill: The Life & Times of a Neighborhood, Moying Li-Marcus, 2002. ISBN 1-55553-543-7

Weblinks

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• Vilna Shul

Einzelnachweise

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