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Als ein '''Pariastaat''' wird, in Anlehnung an die Bezeichnung „[[Paria]]“, eine ausgestoßene [[Nation]] bezeichnet, die sich entweder nicht an [[international]]e Gepflogenheiten der Zusammenarbeit im Sinne der internationalen Gemeinschaft (zum Beispiel [[Vereinte Nationen]]) hält oder von mindestens einer [[Großmacht]] als solche eingestuft wird. Einem solchen [[Staat]] drohen internationale [[Sanktion]]en, internationale Isolation (also der Ausschluss aus der [[Völkerrecht#Theoretische Gesamtbeschreibung des Völkerrechts|Weltgemeinschaft]]) oder sogar die militärische [[Invasion (Militär)|Invasion]]. Der Begriff steht im Zusammenhang zu dem von [[George W. Bush]] geprägten politischen Schlagwort ''[[Schurkenstaat]]''. Das Staatensystem hingegen kennt wegen des [[völkerrecht]]lichen Grundsatzes der [[Staatengleichheit]] keine „Paria“-Staaten.<ref name="MPI">Petra Minnerop: ''Paria-Staaten im Völkerrecht?'' (=&nbsp;''Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht'', Bd. 178), Springer, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-540-23448-9 (zugleich: Diss., Univ. Göttingen, 2003/04).</ref><br />
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== Pariastaaten ==<br />
Folgende Staaten werden heute oder wurden in der Vergangenheit als ''Pariastaaten'' bezeichnet oder behandelt:<br />
<br />
=== Heutige Pariastaaten ===<br />
* [[Abchasien]]<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/28/opinion/28iht-edviktor.2073759.html Abkhazia: A promising pariah on the Black Sea – Editorials & Commentary – International Herald Tribune].</ref><br />
* [[Afghanistan]] unter den [[Taliban]]<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/2000/0529/afghanistan.taliban.html ''Frozen In Time''], TIME, Nr. 156 (21), 29. Mai 2000.</ref><br />
* [[Äquatorialguinea]]<ref name="afrol.com">{{Webarchiv |url=http://www.afrol.com/News/eqg003_obiang_millennium.htm |wayback=20090107131320 |text=Obiang, dictator in fashion in New York}}, afrol.com, 9. September 2000.</ref><br />
* [[Belarus]]<ref>{{Webarchiv |url=http://www.voanews.com/uspolicy/2008-04-03-voa1.cfm |wayback=20080617135647 |text=Belarus Cracks Down}}, VOA, 1. April 2008.</ref><br />
* [[Republik Bergkarabach]]<br />
* Burma, siehe: Myanmar<br />
* [[Eritrea]]<ref name=r20120315>{{cite news |title=Ethiopia troops attack rebels inside pariah state Eritrea |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/03/15/ethiopia-troops-attack-rebels-inside-pariah-state-eritrea/ |newspaper=National Post |date=15. März 2012 |agency=Reuters |quote=Despite the repeated denials that it is not a destabilising force in the volatile Horn of Africa region, Eritrea is widely regarded in the international community as a pariah state and is deeply mistrusted by its neighbours}}</ref><ref name=ft20110803>{{cite news |title=How double-dealing built a pariah state |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/063c10ce-be1b-11e0-bee9-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1qbnl0ijY |newspaper=Financial Times |date=2011-08-03 |author=Michela Wrong |authorlink=Michela Wrong |offline=yes}}</ref><ref>[http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE63K0NP20100421 Djibouti says Eritrea will bow to UN sanctions], Reuters Africa, 21. April 2010.</ref><br />
* [[Israel]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Review Essays in Israel Studies. Suny Series in Israeli Studies, Vol. 5 |year=2000 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |isbn=978-0-7914-4422-1 |author=David Rodman |editor=Laura Zittrain Eisenberg, Neil Caplan |page=93 |chapter=5. “Normal” or “Special”? |quote=For most of the post-1967 period, Israel has been a pariah state in the world community}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Pariah states and nuclear proliferation |journal=International Organization |year=1981 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=135–163 |doi=10.1017/S0020818300004112 |author=[[Robert E. Harkavy]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press |quote=In recent years, a new international actor—the pariah state—has mounted the global stage. Although rough historical precedents may be discerned, the present international system appears to have produced a novel phenomenon, whereby some isolated small states, lacking assured and credible outside security support, find themselves unable to take advantage of traditional balance-of-power mechanisms. Taiwan, South Africa, and Israel fit this description best, South Korea less so; Pakistan and Chile are also candidates.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Israel in the Third World |year=1976 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-0-87855-603-8 |author=Irving Louis Horowitz |authorlink=Irving Louis Horowitz |editor=Michael Curtis, Susan Aurelia Gitelson |page=384 |chapter=24. From Pariah People to Pariah Nation: Jews, Israelis and the Third World |quote=Israel has been defined as a pariah nation, suited to harboring a "settler people"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Responding to the challenge |year=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-57065-7 |pages=21–22 |author=Ian Bellany |editor=Ian Bellany |chapter=1. Material dangers |quote=Israel is a pariah}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Diplomacy in the Middle East: The International Relations of Regional and Outside Powers |year=2004 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-899-1 |author=L. Carl Brown |authorlink=L. Carl Brown |editor=L. Carl Brown |page=305 |chapter=VI. Conclusion: Making Sense of Middle East Diplomacy |quote=Israel has been throughout most of its existence a pariah state in the midst of the Arab world}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Come Out of the Nuclear Closet |url=http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/03/08/should-israel-accept-a-nuclear-ban/come-out-of-the-nuclear-closet |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2012-03-08 |author=Micah Zenko |quote=Israel has pigeonholed itself as an international pariah, allowing adversaries and the nonaligned movement to use Israeli intransigence as an excuse to slow progress on nuclear nonproliferation objectives, including preventing a nuclear Iran}}</ref><br />
* [[Kosovo]]<br />
* [[Myanmar]]<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.crikey.com.au/2017/09/18/as-myanmar-returns-to-being-a-pariah-state-we-should-return-to-boycotting-it/ |titel=As Myanmar returns to being a pariah state, we should return to boycotting it |datum=2017-09-18 |sprache=en-US |abruf=2022-02-26}}</ref><br />
* [[Nordkorea]]<ref name="independent-sk">{{cite news |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article132685.ece |title=North Korea: A pariah state, its secret nuclear programme&nbsp;– and a new crisis for Bush |accessdate=2008-01-19 |publisher=The Independent |author=Rupert Cornwell |location=London |date=2002-10-18 |offline=yes}}</ref><br />
* [[Russland]]<ref name="focus.de">[[Thomas Jäger (Politikwissenschaftler)|Thomas Jäger]]: [https://www.focus.de/politik/ausland/ukraine-krise/putin-ist-der-krieg-entglitten-jetzt-deutet-sich-die-oesterreich-loesung-an_id_64923620.html ''Putin ist der Krieg entglitten, nun deutet sich leise die „Österreich-Lösung“ an''], [[Focus Online]] vom 9. März 2022.</ref><ref>James Ball: [https://www.heise.de/hintergrund/Russlands-Trennung-vom-Internet-Warum-sie-irreversibel-sein-koennte-6586583.html ''Russlands Trennung vom Internet: Warum sie irreversibel sein könnte''], [[heise online]], 21. März 2022.</ref><br />
* [[Simbabwe]]<ref name="dailytelegraph">[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1405419/Mugabe-made-Zimbabwe-a-pariah-state,-says-Straw.html Mugabe made Zimbabwe a pariah state, says Straw], Daily Telegraph, 25. August 2002.</ref><br />
* [[Sudan]]<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/16/weekinreview/sudan-s-war-on-itself-from-rogue-state-to-pariah-state.html/ Sudan's War on Itself; From Rogue State to Pariah State]</ref><br />
* [[Somaliland]]<br />
* [[Südossetien]]<br />
* [[Syrien]]<ref>{{Webarchiv |url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/syria-conversations-in-a-pariah-state |wayback=20140715051446 |text=Archivierte Kopie}}, OpenDemocracy, 6. Juni 2000.</ref><br />
* [[Transnistrien]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Ash |first=Lucy|title=Misery in a pariah state |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/3586815.stm |publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2013-04-05 |date=2004-04-01}}</ref><br />
* [[Usbekistan]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Leonard |first=Peter|title=US cozies up to outcast Uzbekistan for Afghan role|url=http://news.yahoo.com/us-cozies-outcast-uzbekistan-afghan-role-122439994.html|publisher=Associated Press |accessdate=2013-04-05|date=2012-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kendzior |first=Sarah |title=Does it matter if the West gives military aid to Uzbekistan? |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/03/20133510525757583.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |accessdate=2013-04-05 |date=2013-03-05}}</ref><br />
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=== Frühere Pariastaaten ===<br />
* [[Albanien]] unter [[Enver Hoxha]]<ref>{{Webarchiv |url=http://195.13.9.242/uploadedFiles/KBS-FRB/Files/Verslag/EPC-%20Albania-%2027-04-2010.pdf |wayback=20160408194000 |text=En route to the EU}}, European Policy Centre, April 2010.</ref><br />
* [[Argentinien]] während der [[Argentinische Militärdiktatur (1976–1983)|Militärdiktatur]]<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/1148310 The Argentine Pariah]</ref><br />
* [[Chile]] unter [[Augusto Pinochet]]<ref>[http://internationalwarcrimesreport.wordpress.com/2010/06/04/chile/ Chile], International War Crimes Report, 4. Juni 2010.</ref><br />
* [[NS-Staat|Deutsches Reich]] unter [[Adolf Hitler]]<br />
* [[Haiti]] unter [[François Duvalier|Papa Doc]] und [[Jean-Claude Duvalier|Baby Doc Duvalier]]<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A13187-2004Feb27.html ''Haiti Crisis''], Washington Post, 1. März 2004.</ref><br />
* [[Iran]] vor dem Abschluss des Atomabkommens<ref name="treacherousalliance-iran">{{Cite book |author= Trita Parsi |title=Treacherous Alliance, The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran and the United States. |publisher=Yale University Press |location=London |year=2007 |page= 97 |isbn= 0-300-12057-5}}</ref><br />
* [[Irak]] unter [[Saddam Hussein]]<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/04/20134171323200625.html/ ''Iraq 10: The spring never came''], 2013.</ref><br />
* [[Jugoslawien]] unter [[Slobodan Milošević]]<ref>[http://news.uk.msn.com/world/articles.aspx?cp-documentid=157844255 War crimes fugitive Mladic arrested] MSN News UK, 26. Mai 2011.</ref><br />
* [[Liberia]] unter [[Charles Taylor (Politiker)|Charles Taylor]]<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2961390.stm Arrest warrant for Liberian leader], BBC News, 4. Juni 2003.</ref><ref>[http://www.afrol.com/News2001/lib001_un_sanctions.htm ''Taylor’s Liberia becoming pariah nation''], afrol.com, 20. Januar 2001.</ref><br />
* [[Kambodscha]] unter den [[Kambodscha#Rote Khmer bis Friedensabkommen von Paris|Roten Khmer und während der vietnamesischen Besatzung]]<ref>{{Webarchiv |url=http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/about/benny.jsp |wayback=20140304232700 |text=At Last, Justice Comes to Cambodia}}, Yale Global Online, 13. Februar 2009.</ref><br />
* [[Demokratische Republik Kongo]]/[[Zaire]] unter [[Mobutu Sese Seko]]<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-15134.html Zaire – Involvement in the Angolan Civil War], countrydata.com, 1993.</ref><br />
* [[Libyen]] unter [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]]<ref name="bbc-libya">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3371269.stm |title=Libya's two decades as pariah state |accessdate=2008-01-19 |publisher=BBC News |author=Paul Keller |date=2004-01-06}}</ref><br />
* [[Myanmar]] unter der [[Geschichte Myanmars#Rebellion und Militärregime|Militärherrschaft]]<ref>[http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=23093 Asean Can Act as Burma's Bridge to the World]</ref><br />
* [[Paraguay]] unter [[Alfredo Stroessner]]<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/16/AR2006081601729_pf.html Alfredo Stroessner; Paraguayan Dictator], Washington Post, 17 August 2006.</ref><br />
* [[Sri Lanka]] während des [[Bürgerkrieg in Sri Lanka|Bürgerkriegs]]<ref name="srilankamirror.com">http://www.srilankamirror.com/english/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4716:lanka-a-pariah-state-after-israeli-ambassador-came-to-the-defence&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=50{{Toter Link |url=http://www.srilankamirror.com/english/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4716:lanka-a-pariah-state-after-israeli-ambassador-came-to-the-defence&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=50 |date=2019-05}}</ref><br />
* [[Südafrika]] während der [[Apartheid]]<ref name=tom>Thomas H. Henriksen, 'The Rise and Decline of Rogue States'. ''Journal of International Affairs'' 54 (2), 2001, S.&nbsp;349–373.</ref><ref name="southafrica">{{cite journal |author=Susan Willett |title=The Legacy of a Pariah State: South Africa's Arms Trade in the 1990s |journal=Review of African Political Economy |year=1995 |volume=64 |pages=151–166}}</ref><br />
* [[Turkmenistan]] unter [[Saparmyrat Nyýazow]]<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/centralasia/turkmen-intro.htm Turkmenistan: Introduction]</ref><br />
* [[Uganda]] unter [[Idi Amin]]<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Tpd_ykOXXeUC&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=uganda+amin++pariah&source=bl&ots=WlFOj7DqT7&sig=JvIgeGT1q3zKBGeMoh1cDSfjbSQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5dAhU4jpLYSCrgfdvYHwAg&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=uganda%20amin%20%20pariah&f=false |title=Rogue States and U.S. Foreign Policy: Containment After the Cold War |first=Robert |last=Litwak |page=50}}</ref> --><br />
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== Siehe auch ==<br />
* [[Persona non grata]]<br />
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== Weblinks ==<br />
{{Wiktionary}}<br />
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== Einzelnachweise ==<br />
<references /><br />
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[[Kategorie:Sicherheitspolitik]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Politisches Schlagwort]]</div>imported>KurtR