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Die '''Goldschmidt-Klassifikation''', benannt nach [[Victor Moritz Goldschmidt|Victor M. Goldschmidt]], ist eine in der [[Geochemie]] gebräuchliche Klassifikation der [[Chemisches Element|chemischen Elemente]] nach ihrer [[Affinität (Chemie)|Affinität]] zu verschiedenen Trägerphasen in
* '''siderophil''' ([[Eisen]]-liebend, von σίδηρος (sideros, griechisch) = Eisen)
* '''lithophil''' ([[Silicate|Silikat]]-liebend, von λίϑος (lithos, griechisch) = Stein, Fels)
* '''chalkophil''' ([[Schwefel]]-liebend, von χαλκός (chalkos, griechisch) = Erz, Metall, speziell Kupfer)
* '''atmophil''' ([[Gas]]-liebend, von ἀτμός (atmos, griechisch) = Dampf, Dunst).
Die Goldschmidt-Klassifikation spielt etwa bei der Differentiation eines anfangs chemisch homogenen [[Planet]]en oder [[Asteroid]]en eine Rolle, d. h. bei der Bildung eines Eisen[[Erdkern|kern]]s sowie eines [[Erdmantel|Mantel]]s und einer [[Erdkruste|Kruste]]. Beispielsweise finden sich siderophile Elemente bevorzugt im Eisenkern und lithophile Elemente bevorzugt im Mantel bzw. der Kruste eines Planeten wieder.

Die Goldschmidt-Klassifikation stellt eine erfolgreiche Anwendung der Prinzipien des [[HSAB-Konzept]]es dar.<ref> {{Webarchiv |url=http://classes.uleth.ca/200201/chem2810a/lecture07.pdf |text=Reaction principles and s-Block Elements, Vorlesungsskript |wayback=20100216000104 |archiv-bot=}} (engl., PDF, abgerufen am 6. Mai 2009, 97 kB).</ref>

== Klassifizierung ==
# Atmophile Elemente: [[Wasserstoff|H]], [[Stickstoff|N]], [[Edelgase]]

# Chalkophile Elemente: [[Silber|Ag]], [[Arsen|As]], [[Bismut|Bi]], [[Cadmium|Cd]], [[Kupfer|Cu]], [[Gallium|Ga]], [[Quecksilber|Hg]], [[Indium|In]], [[Molybdän|Mo]], [[Blei|Pb]], [[Polonium|Po]], [[Schwefel|S]], [[Antimon|Sb]], [[Selen|Se]], [[Tellur|Te]], [[Thallium|Tl]], [[Zink|Zn]]

# Lithophile Elemente: [[Aluminium|Al]], [[Astat|At]], [[Bor|B]], [[Barium|Ba]], [[Beryllium|Be]], [[Brom|Br]], [[Calcium|Ca]], [[Chlor|Cl]], [[Chrom|Cr]], [[Caesium|Cs]], [[Fluor|F]], [[Iod|I]], [[Hafnium|Hf]], [[Kalium|K]], [[Lithium|Li]], [[Magnesium|Mg]], [[Mangan|Mn]], [[Natrium|Na]], [[Niob|Nb]], [[Sauerstoff|O]], [[Rubidium|Rb]], [[Scandium|Sc]], [[Silicium|Si]], [[Strontium|Sr]], [[Tantal|Ta]], [[Thorium|Th]], [[Titan (Element)|Ti]], [[Uran|U]], [[Vanadium|V]], [[Yttrium|Y]], [[Zirkon|Zr]], [[Wolfram|W]], [[Lanthanoide]]

# Siderophile Elemente: [[Gold|Au]], [[Kohlenstoff|C]], [[Cobalt|Co]], [[Eisen|Fe]], [[Germanium|Ge]], [[Iridium|Ir]], [[Nickel|Ni]], [[Osmium|Os]], [[Phosphor|P]], [[Palladium|Pd]], [[Platin|Pt]], [[Rhenium|Re]], [[Rhodium|Rh]], [[Ruthenium|Ru]], [[Zinn|Sn]]
# Hoch siderophile Elemente: [[Gold|Au]], [[Iridium|Ir]], [[Osmium|Os]], [[Palladium|Pd]], [[Platin|Pt]], [[Rhenium|Re]], [[Rhodium|Rh]], [[Ruthenium|Ru]]

Hier sind nur die Hauptaffinitäten berücksichtigt. Manche Elemente haben eine Affinität zu mehreren Phasen, z. B. Sauerstoff (O) ist lithophil und atmophil.

{| class="centered" bd="1" cp="0" cs="1" style="border-style:none; text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom;"
|+ '''Goldschmidt-Klassifikation im [[Periodensystem der Elemente]]'''
|----
| style="border-style:none; width:3em" |
| style="border-style:none; width:3em" | [[Alkalimetall|1]]
| style="border-style:none; width:3em" | [[Erdalkalimetall|2]]
| style="border-style:none; width:3em" |
| style="border-style:none; width:3em" |
| style="border-style:none; width:3em" |
| style="border-style:none; width:3em" |
| style="border-style:none; width:3em" |
| style="border-style:none; width:3em" |
| style="border-style:none; width:3em" |
| style="border-style:none; width:3em" |
| style="border-style:none; width:3em" |
| style="border-style:none; width:3em" |
| style="border-style:none; width:3em" | [[Borgruppe|13]]
| style="border-style:none; width:3em" | [[Kohlenstoffgruppe|14]]
| style="border-style:none; width:3em" | [[Stickstoffgruppe|15]]
| style="border-style:none; width:3em" | [[Chalkogen|16]]
| style="border-style:none; width:3em" | [[Halogen|17]]
| style="border-style:none; width:3em" | [[Edelgase|18]]
|----
|[[Chemische Elemente der ersten Periode|1]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#bbffff" | 1 [[Wasserstoff|H]]
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#bbffff" | 2 [[Helium|He]]
|----
|[[Chemische Elemente der zweiten Periode|2]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 3 [[Lithium|Li]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 4 [[Beryllium|Be]]
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 5 [[Bor|B]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#df4b85" | 6 [[Kohlenstoff|C]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#bbffff" | 7 [[Stickstoff|N]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 8 [[Sauerstoff|O]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 9 [[Fluor|F]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#bbffff" | 10 [[Neon|Ne]]
|----
|[[Chemische Elemente der dritten Periode|3]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 11 [[Natrium|Na]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 12 [[Magnesium|Mg]]
| style="border-style:none" | [[Scandiumgruppe|3]]
| style="border-style:none" | [[Titangruppe|4]]
| style="border-style:none" | [[Vanadiumgruppe|5]]
| style="border-style:none" | [[Chromgruppe|6]]
| style="border-style:none" | [[Mangangruppe|7]]
| style="border-style:none" | [[Eisengruppe|8]]
| style="border-style:none" | [[Cobaltgruppe|9]]
| style="border-style:none" | [[Nickelgruppe|10]]
| style="border-style:none" | [[Kupfergruppe|11]]
| style="border-style:none" | [[Zinkgruppe|12]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 13 [[Aluminium|Al]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 14 [[Silicium|Si]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#df4b85" | 15 [[Phosphor|P]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#fff888" | 16 [[Schwefel|S]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 17 [[Chlor|Cl]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#bbffff" | 18 [[Argon|Ar]]
|----
|[[Chemische Elemente der vierten Periode|4]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 19 [[Kalium|K]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 20 [[Calcium|Ca]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 21 [[Scandium|Sc]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 22 [[Titan (Element)|Ti]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 23 [[Vanadium|V]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 24 [[Chrom|Cr]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 25 [[Mangan|Mn]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#df4b85" | 26 [[Eisen|Fe]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#df4b85" | 27 [[Cobalt|Co]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#df4b85" | 28 [[Nickel|Ni]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#fff888" | 29 [[Kupfer|Cu]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#fff888" | 30 [[Zink|Zn]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#fff888" | 31 [[Gallium|Ga]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#df4b85" | 32 [[Germanium|Ge]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#fff888" | 33 [[Arsen|As]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#fff888" | 34 [[Selen|Se]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 35 [[Brom|Br]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#bbffff" | 36 [[Krypton|Kr]]
|----
|[[Chemische Elemente der vierten Periode|5]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 37 [[Rubidium|Rb]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 38 [[Strontium|Sr]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 39 [[Yttrium|Y]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 40 [[Zirkon|Zr]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 41 [[Niob|Nb]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#fff888" | 42 [[Molybdän|Mo]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (43) [[Technetium|Tc]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#df4b85" | 44 [[Ruthenium|Ru]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#df4b85" | 45 [[Rhodium|Rh]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#df4b85" | 46 [[Palladium|Pd]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#fff888" | 47 [[Silber|Ag]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#fff888" | 48 [[Cadmium|Cd]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#fff888" | 49 [[Indium|In]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#df4b85" | 50 [[Zinn|Sn]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#fff888" | 51 [[Antimon|Sb]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#fff888" | 52 [[Tellur|Te]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 53 [[Iod|I]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#bbffff" | 54 [[Xenon|Xe]]
|----
|[[Chemische Elemente der sechsten Periode|6]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 55 [[Caesium|Cs]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 56 [[Barium|Ba]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 57–71 [[Lanthanoide|Lan]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 72 [[Hafnium|Hf]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 73 [[Tantal|Ta]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 74 [[Wolfram|W]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#df4b85" | 75 [[Rhenium|Re]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#df4b85" | 76 [[Osmium|Os]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#df4b85" | 77 [[Iridium|Ir]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#df4b85" | 78 [[Platin|Pt]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#df4b85" | 79 [[Gold|Au]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#fff888" | 80 [[Quecksilber|Hg]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#fff888" | 81 [[Thallium|Tl]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#fff888" | 82 [[Blei|Pb]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#fff888" | 83 [[Bismut|Bi]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#fff888" | 84 [[Polonium|Po]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 85 [[Astat|At]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#bbffff" | 86 [[Radon|Rn]]
|----
|[[Chemische Elemente der siebten Periode|7]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | 87 [[Francium|Fr]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | 88 [[Radium|Ra]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | 89–103 [[Actinoide|Act]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (104) [[Rutherfordium|Rf]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (105) [[Dubnium|Db]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (106) [[Seaborgium|Sg]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (107) [[Bohrium|Bh]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (108) [[Hassium|Hs]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (109) [[Meitnerium|Mt]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (110) [[Darmstadtium|Ds]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (111) [[Roentgenium|Rg]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (112) [[Copernicium|Cn]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (113) [[Nihonium|Nh]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (114) [[Flerovium|Fl]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (115) [[Moscovium|Mc]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (116) [[Livermorium|Lv]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (117) [[Tenness|Ts]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (118) [[Oganesson|Og]]
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
| style="border-style:none" |
|----
| style="border-style:none" |
|----
| style="border-style:none" colspan=3 | [[Lanthanoide]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 57 [[Lanthan|La]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 58 [[Cer|Ce]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 59 [[Praseodym|Pr]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 60 [[Neodym|Nd]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (61) [[Promethium|Pm]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 62 [[Samarium|Sm]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 63 [[Europium|Eu]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 64 [[Gadolinium|Gd]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 65 [[Terbium|Tb]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 66 [[Dysprosium|Dy]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 67 [[Holmium|Ho]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 68 [[Erbium|Er]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 69 [[Thulium|Tm]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 70 [[Ytterbium|Yb]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 71 [[Lutetium|Lu]]
|----
| style="border-style:none" colspan=3 | [[Actinoide]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | 89 [[Actinium|Ac]]
| style="border:solid 1px blue; background:#ffbb77" | 90 [[Thorium|Th]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | 91 [[Protactinium|Pa]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffbb77" | 92 [[Uran|U]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (93) [[Neptunium|Np]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (94) [[Plutonium|Pu]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (95) [[Americium|Am]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (96) [[Curium|Cm]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (97) [[Berkelium|Bk]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (98) [[Californium|Cf]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (99) [[Einsteinium|Es]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (100) [[Fermium|Fm]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (101) [[Mendelevium|Md]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (102) [[Nobelium|No]]
| style="border:solid 1px #888888; background:#ffffff" | (103) [[Lawrencium|Lr]]
|}

{| class="centered" cp="0" cs="0" style="border-style:none"
|+ '''Legende'''
|----
|style="background:#bbffff; border:solid 1px #888888; width:3em"|atmophil
|style="background:#fff888; border:solid 1px #888888; width:3em"|chalkophil
|style="background:#ffbb77; border:solid 1px #888888; width:3em"|lithophil
|style="background:#df4b85; border:solid 1px #888888; width:3em"|siderophil
|style="background:#ffffff; border:solid 1px #888888; width:3em"|sehr selten
|}

== Quellen ==
<references />

[[Kategorie:Klassifikation (Geowissenschaften)]]
[[Kategorie:Geochemie]]

Goldschmidt-Klassifikation - Versionsgeschichte

imported>Ichwerdennsonstthebest am 7. Januar 2025 um 05:02 Uhr