Quelltext der Seite Spokane River

{{Infobox Fluss
| NAME= Spokane River
| ALTERNATIVNAME= 
| SORTNAME= Spokane River
| LAGE= [[Idaho]], [[Washington (Bundesstaat)|Washington]] (USA)
| GKZ= US/1508606
| FLUSSSYSTEM= Columbia River
| ABFLUSSWEG= Columbia River//Pazifischer Ozean
| EINZUGSGEBIET= 15590
| NACHWEIS-EINZUGSGEBIET= 
| LÄNGE-PREFIX= 
| LÄNGE= 180
| NACHWEIS-LÄNGE= <ref name="gnis" />
| LÄNGE-SUFFIX= 
| PEGEL1= Spokane//11106////190///
| PEGEL1-REIHE= 1892/2016
| NACHWEIS-PEGEL1= <ref name="waterflow" />
| PEGEL3= Mündung//////225///
| PEGEL3-REIHE= 
| NACHWEIS-PEGEL3=
| BEZEICHNUNG-QUELLE= Ursprung
| QUELLE= [[Coeur d’Alene Lake]]
| QUELLHÖHE= 649
| HÖHENBEZUG-QUELLE= 
| NACHWEIS-QUELLHÖHE= 
| QUELLE_LAT_GRAD= 47.6779536
| QUELLE_LONG_GRAD= -117.1260361
| QUELLE_REGION= US-ID
| MÜNDUNG= in den zum [[Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake]] aufgestauten [[Columbia River]]
| MÜNDUNGSHÖHE= 391
| NACHWEIS-MÜNDUNGSHÖHE= <ref name="gnis" />
| MÜNDUNG_LAT_GRAD= 47.8937696
| MÜNDUNG_LONG_GRAD=  -118.3341555
| MÜNDUNG_REGION= US-WA
| LINKE NEBENFLÜSSE= [[Hangman Creek]]
| RECHTE NEBENFLÜSSE= [[Little Spokane River]]
| STAUSEEN= [[Long Lake (Washington)|Long Lake]], Nine Mile Reservoir
| GROSSSTÄDTE= [[Spokane]]
| MITTELSTÄDTE= [[Coeur d’Alene (Idaho)|Coeur d’Alene]]
| KLEINSTÄDTE= 
| GEMEINDEN= 
| KARTE= Spokanerivermap.png
| KARTE-BESCHREIBUNG= Einzugsgebiet des Spokane River
| BILD= Spokanefallsm05.jpg
| BILDBESCHREIBUNG= Upper Spokane Falls
| BILD1= Long Lake Dam 1.JPG
| BILD1-BESCHREIBUNG= [[Long Lake Dam]] am Spokane River
}}

Der '''Spokane River''' ist ein linker Nebenfluss des [[Columbia River]], etwa 180&nbsp;km lang, im nördlichen [[Idaho]] und östlichen [[Washington (Bundesstaat)|Washington]] in den [[USA]].
Er entwässert ein mittelhohes Bergland östlich des Columbia River und durchfließt dabei die Stadt [[Spokane]].

== Flusslauf ==
Der Spokane River bildet den Abfluss des [[Coeur d’Alene Lake]] an dessen Nordende im [[Idaho Panhandle]] und erreicht nach einer Fließstrecke von etwa 180&nbsp;km den [[Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake]].

Unterhalb des Coeur d'Alene Lake durchquert der Fluss die [[Rathdrum Prairie]].
Er erreicht [[Post Falls]], wo er einen Damm und einen 13 m hohen Wasserfall passiert.
Er fließt weiter in westlicher Richtung. Am Flusslauf liegen fünf weitere Staudämme, vier davon innerhalb der ''City of Spokane''.
Im Stadtzentrum von Spokane überwindet er die [[Spokane Falls]].
Er nimmt anschließend die Nebenflüsse [[Hangman Creek]] (oder ''Latah Creek'') und [[Little Spokane River]] auf.
Weiter flussabwärts wird der Spokane River zum [[Long Lake (Washington)|Long Lake]], einem 24&nbsp;km langen Stausee, aufgestaut.
Östlich von [[Miles (Washington)|Miles]] mündet er schließlich in den Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake.
Das historische [[Fort Spokane]] liegt an der Mündung in den Columbia River.
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==Human use==
Until the 18th century, the [[Coeur d'Alene Indians|Coeur d'Alene]] (Schḭtsu'umsh) and [[Spokane Indians|Spokane]] Indians (along with other [[Salish peoples]]) used to live and travel along the banks of the Spokane River.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Pritzker, Barry|title=A Native American encyclopedia: history, culture, and peoples|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=9780195138979|page=254|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nQObO0Rzg1UC&pg=PA254}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Frey, Rodney in collaboration with the Schḭtsu'umsh|title=Landscape Traveled by Coyote and Crane: The World of the Schḭtsu'umsh (Coeur d'Alene Indians)|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2001|isbn=0-295-98162-8|page=17}}</ref>

Today, the metropolitan area of the city of [[Spokane, Washington]] (population 425,000) is the largest human settlement on the banks of the Spokane River. The metropolitan areas of Coeur d'Alene and Post Falls, Idaho (pop. 200,000) are also seated alongside the river. The Spokane River and Lake Coeur d'Alene area the primary sources of recharge for the [[Spokane aquifer]], which is the primary source of drinking water for each of these settlements.<ref name="NRC-93">National Research Council, 2005: [http://books.google.com/books?id=RGZloKWRUG0C&pg=PA93 p. 93]</ref>
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== Verschmutzung ==
Der Spokane River ist stark mit Schwermetallen belastet, welche vom [[Bunker Hill Mine and Smelting Complex]] stammen und über den [[Coeur d’Alene River]] und den Coeur d'Alene Lake in den Fluss gelangen.

Die Kläranlagen von Spokane leiten ihr Wasser in den Spokane River.
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In 1889, Spokane built a sewage system that dumped raw sewage directly into the river, which was visibly noticeable by 1920. In 1957 a primary treatment facility was installed; however, this was soon deemed inadequate by the [[Washington State Department of Ecology]]. This led to the construction of a more advanced treatment plant that utilized chemical precipitation technology, which was connected in 1975, and operational by 1977.<ref>{{cite book|author=Edmondson, W.T.|title=The Uses of Ecology: Lake Washington and Beyond|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1996|isbn=9780295975696|page=204|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=asc3vX3zSRkC&pg=PA204}}</ref>

==Fish habitat==
After the [[Northern Pacific Railway]] lines arrived in Spokane in 1882, there was rapid growth in milling operations along the river. Many of these mills required dams to provide power for their machinery. As a result of the dams blocking the river, salmon populations in the Spokane plummeted, leading to complaints from many of the people living upstream.<ref>{{cite book|author=Taylor, Joseph E.|title=Making Salmon: An Environmental History of the Northwest Fisheries Crisis|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2001|isbn=9780295981147|page=54|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=d6EoWsaBqfsC&pg=PA54}}</ref> After the construction of [[Long Lake Dam]] in 1915 by [[Washington Water Power]] blocked upstream passage, the river's salmon populations disappeared completely.<ref name="Fahey">Fahey, John (1991); "Power Plays: The Enigma of Little Falls," ''Pacific Northwest Quarterly'' 82, no.4 (October 1991), 122–131.</ref>

[[Steelhead]] were also abundant on the Spokane River, prior to pollution and the construction of the dams. Today, the Spokane River system is one of the two largest unoccupied stretches of steelhead habitat within their former range.<ref>{{cite book|author=Thurow, Russell F. et al.|chapter=Status and Distribution of Chinook Salmon and Steelhead in the Interior Colombia River Basin and Portions of the Klamath River Basin|editor=Knudsen, E. Eric|title=Sustainable fisheries management: Pacific salmon|publisher=CRC Press|year=2000|isbn=9781566704809|page=143|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=l_RO8RpHQr0C&pg=PA143}}</ref>

Today, the Spokane River supports populations of [[rainbow trout]], northern [[pikeminnow]], and [[Bridgelip Sucker]]s (''Catostomus columbianus''), as well as several non-native species.<ref name="Fahey" /> Many of the remaining fish, however, are not suitable for human consumption due to the chemical pollution in the river, with signs alongside the river warning that the fish are contaminated with [[PCBs]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Jensen, Derrick|title=A Language Older Than Words|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|year=2004|isbn=9781931498555|page=279|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Cg7fgQXvQ_wC&pg=PA279}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bunker Hill Mine and Smelting Complex]]
*[[List of Idaho rivers]]
*[[List of Washington rivers]]
*[[Spokane River Centennial Trail]]
*[[North Idaho Centennial Trail]]
*[[Harker Canyon (Washington)|Harker Canyon]]

== Literatur ==
* {{cite book|author=National Research Council Committee on Superfund Site Assessment|title=Superfund and mining megasites: lessons from the Coeur D'Alene River basin|publisher=National Academies Press|year=2005|isbn=9780309097147|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RGZloKWRUG0C}}
* {{cite book|author=Soltero, Raymond A. et al|chapter=The Changing Spokane River Watershed|editor=Naiman, Robert J.|title=Watershed Management: Balancing Sustainability and Environmental Change|publisher=Springer|year=1994|isbn=9780387942322|pages=458–478|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tkLRW9KMzhsC&pg=PA459}}

* {{cite book|author=Clark, Ella E. & Inverarity, Robert Bruce|chapter=The Origin of the Spokane River|title=Indian Legends of the Pacific Northwest|publisher=University of California Press|year=2003|isbn=9780520239265|pages=116–117|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Z8-3KVL03UYC&pg=PA116}}
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== Weblinks ==
*[http://www.spokanenightscenes.com/presentation2.html Spokane River at night]
*[http://wa.water.usgs.gov/realtime/htmls/spokane.html USGS: Spokane River Basin]
*[http://www.waterplanet.ws/endangeredriver/ Spokane River: 6th Most Endangered River of 2004]

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references>
<ref name="gnis">
{{Gnis|1508606}}
</ref>
<ref name="waterflow">
[https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/inventory/?site_no=12422500 USGS 12422500 SPOKANE RIVER AT SPOKANE, WA]
</ref>
</references>

[[Kategorie:Kootenai County]]
[[Kategorie:Lincoln County (Washington)]]
[[Kategorie:Spokane County]]
[[Kategorie:Stevens County (Washington)]]